Mark Antony’s Funeral Speech in Terms of Aristotle’s Rhetorical Devices & Persuasive Modes in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar : A Stylistic Study

This paper concentrates on the skills of making the political as well as the social speech of Mark Antony at the funeral of Julius Caesar. Antony was one of the Roman strong leaders who had a strong personality in his own right. Thus, he manifested his ability of oration as a noble man to persuade, then, to manage the madding crowd about the righteous of his political and social steps. Mark Antony had shown this ability by the use of certain persuasive strategies and techniques such as Repetition, Rhetorical questions, Alliteration, Irony Metaphor, Hyperbole and Diction. However, his use of , persuasion differ dramatically throughout his speech, i.e. the contrast between the beginning stage of his speech and its end, is much the same as the distinction between the base of a mountain and its summit. The elegance of this speech is that Antony achieve his goal and made people perceived him without turning out and communicating it. The results show that, he uses the same techniques as being more persuasive techniques than others such as Alliteration, Rhetorical Questions, Repetition, Irony, Metaphor, Hyperbole and Diction. It can be said that persuasion is a social and a political situation based.


Introduction
Notwithstanding the way that, Julius Caesar belongs to the group of the historical plays in the classification of William Shakespeare's works, yet, it is not within his major tragedies. However, the explanation of the fame in this play particularly is that it encapsulated the most imperative and critical implications of political diversions: victory and defeat; loyalty and betrayal; mobilization and polarization; formation of alliances; the gravity of the resistance and so forth. All these political implications -and many others-are given clear definitions in Julius Caesar in a much more practical way than any other theoretical words. Perhaps what came out of this work is the speech that Mark Antony provided to the public after the assassination of Julius Caesar. It is a subject of study in all colleges and schools of literature as well as schools of politics side by side throughout the world. Students of political sciences and students of literature enjoy the wonderful maneuver-developed speech created by Shakespeare on the tongue of Antony. Antony's speech was able to mobilize thousands of people in the description of the late king, moments after their bitter assassination against him and cheering them with his wrath and injustice to them. (Ballard, 2016).
The ascent and rise of rhetoric in Ancient Greece was one of quite interest and concern to philosophers and logicians like Plato and Aristotle. Rhetoric turned into an eloquent art form of legal advisors, lawmakers, politicians, and leaders looking to convince and persuade audiences through speech. Mark Antony's cleverness utilization and use of rhetoric plays intensely on the feelings and emotions of his Plebeian audience. What makes Mark Antony speech so persuasive is the unintentional use of Aristotelian devices: logos, pathos, and ethos. The first rhetorical device that Antony makes use of is logos/logic to persuade his audience. (Nordquist, 2009) Certainly, Antony does not have it in an easy way. He is as a man questioned by the conspirators for his kinship with Caesar. Brutus gives him a chance to speak at Caesar's funeral, but only after Brutus-an extraordinary speaker in his own particular right-has spoken first to show their reason behind Caesar's assassination. Brutus clarifies that Antony may speak whatever great he wishes of Caesar insofar as he talks no evil of the conspirators. In any case, Antony has two points of interest over Brutus: his subterfuge and his opportunity to have the last word. It is very easy to state that Antony benefits as much as possible from his chance.

Rhetoric
Words have a magical power….Words are capable of arousing the Strongest emotions and prompting all men's actions.
Sigmund Freud Rozina and Karapetjana (2009) stressed that the strategy which one person takes to get the other person do what he or she intends to be achieved is a linguistic strategy. Additionally, language is a powerful tool in politics and politicians are its users for bad and good purposes, Bev (2008) maintained. Rhetoric is maintained to be, "The art or study of using language effectively and persuasively; skill in using language effectively and persuasively" (Microsoft Bookshelf, 1998). Hence, with a specific end and goal to comprehend what may prompt to effective persuasion, rhetoric requests that there is a substantially more profound process behind the improvement of the content and structures that prompt a final presentation. In Rhetoric, a sufficient measure of time ought to be spent on both content "WHEN and WHAT is to be imparted-for example . Caesar's funeral ‖ and shape -HOW it is to be conveyed, for example. Persuasive Techniques.' Both questions are vital for a total message, thus it should be kept in mind to guarantee the final achievement,. Hence, expressions are the choice of words to fit in a specific situation. Throughout his speech Antony gives words that fit exactly what he implied and meant. The selections of words indicate and show how Mark Antony would have been feeling at the time. (Microsoft Bookshelf, 1998) Accordingly, a speech have the function of an effective weapon if it is effectively used and the person who wants to communicate a speech should be prepared very well to present the arguments. How to achieve it, shows his or her ability.
More than any other of Shakespeare's works, Julius Caesar is a play that pivots upon rhetoric-both as an art of persuasion and as an artifice used to cover plan. In all of Shakespeare's works, there are scenes in which he dramatizes persuasion in dialogic situations, that is, with the investment of the addressee. The character who is to be convinced is not just present as an aloof audience; however, he effectively takes part in the dialogue. It is this highlighted trademark of persuasive dialogues which loans an uncommon intrigue and dramatic strain to these scenes. The addressee's participation in the persuasive dialogue makes the perspective of him or her as simply an inactive casualty of the persuasion dangerous. Or maybe, it is proposed that s/he too shapes the persuasive dialogue and adds to its development. (Boden, 2004, P, 2)

Rhetoric of Aristotle
During the 4 th century B.C., Aristotle composed his book Rhetoric in which he characterizes rhetoric as every single accessible means of persuasion on a subject. According to Aristotle, rhetoric has an unmistakable persuasive ability. n addition to that, it has an epistemic function, i.e., it fills in as approach to find what is known and what can be thought about a subject. Whenever we utilize language-spoken or written, we participate in a rhetorical action. In other words, it would be satisfied to say that all communication is rhetorical. At whatever point, we use language, we have a goal -a message-to be communicated or an aim to be achieved. Every one of us carry on rhetorically every time we use language. Truly, a current meaning of rhetoric is just the deliberate utilization of language to impact a group of people (Olson, 2013).
As a matter of fact, Aristotle is the father of classical rhetoric. His book -Rhetoric-launched the birth of this science more than twenty-three centuries ago. It remains the source of all contemporary theological theories. Still, it is the subject of interpretations, translations and applications as well as the subject of a dispute between rhetorician and speech scientists. Besides, Aristotle's rhetorical traditions were closely linked to political institutions. He considered rhetoric as the queen of speech; rhetoric is the basic trait that distinguishes man from the other creatures, i.e. it is the efficiency of dialogue based on the supreme value which is the human virtue that characterizes man from others. (Aristotle 1991). Hence, if it is a shameful that a man cannot defend himself with strong muscles. It is absurd that a man cannot defend himself by the use of words. If one can say that those who unfairly use words can do the greatest damage, the answer, except virtue, can be shared by all good things, especially the most useful goods such as power, health, wealth and strategic intelligence. Fairly, it can be extremely harmful if used in an incompatible manner and justice. (Aristotle, 1991: 80) As for Aristotle, the logical or objective elements represent a link between rhetoric and logic, philosophy and politics, while the emotional components represent a link between rhetoric with ethics, politics and psychology. Aristotle stressed that, the personal features of the speaker: orator-the political actor -have an important position. Orator becomes convinced here not because of his ideas and logic, but because of the confidence that the public emptied him as a result of the possession of oration: rhetoric and the art of rhetoric and effective seduction (Aristotle, 1991).

Figure No. ( 1 ) : Aristotle's Personal Features of the Speaker: Orator
It is clear, then, that rhetoric is keen to win the audience as well as the thesis advocated by the author. The goal is then to change the recipient's status, by taking them out of the state of opposition (or indifference) towards his thesis to the extent of acceptance and practical defense, e.g, Antony's speech. The purpose is to change behavior. When the behavior is changed, it means that the author has done his job. Rhetoric in this sense coincided with the birth of humanity; i.e. with the birth of civilization. When a person decides to use language as a tool to change the situation of those who participate in the construction of a society, he uses rhetoric.
Needless to say that, Rhetoric as well as Philosophy occupied the dangerous ranks of the Athenian capital. These were not only fields of knowledge that were tried in laboratories or in classrooms. But, it is the dispute existed between them over power and governance. Plato was likely after the death of his teacher Socrates-a victim of political choices and thus

Logical \ Objective Elements
Emotional Components rhetorical, philosophy -went to maintain that the king should be a philosopher. In this case, rhetoric was the way to exercise judgment over an expensive commodity (Aristotle, 1991).

2.2.Social Functions of Rhetoric
Rhetoric is the art of speaking to the public orally, in order to create a psychological response among the majority of it, for various political, social, ideological, cultural, etc. goals. It is an art based on a range of aesthetic effects: stylistic, vocal, rhetorical and psychological. Rhetoric remains an aesthetically pleasing aesthetic if it is best used to direct recipients and positive points, from love of truth, to seeking justice, and to urge good. History has saved us many bright models, the speakers: orators have combined the beauty of the phrase and the beauty of the target. Hence, there is no doubt that rhetoric, which is the creation of a creative language, creates a kind of pleasure on the part of its audience greatly affect their actions. Stylish speeches can lead people from their feelings and emotions, before their minds and principles. Therefore, it is not a crime to deceive the minds of people, and their leaders, contrary to what they declare. Thus, it is agreeable to accept that the act of pleasure is always morally beautiful, or that, it is necessary to look at the act of enjoyment with a problematic gaze, which puts pleasure, together with other human actions, in any examination or questionmaking process.
Aristotle and other classical rhetoricians, both Greek and Roman, attempted to arrange rhetoric by distinguishing its parts and its capacities or functions. A lot of our cutting edge comprehension of rhetoric is gotten from these classical-established sources. Indeed, even the unbelievable effect of innovation on ways we speak and compose can in any case be comprehended and dissected start right from these classical-established bases. Some portion of this classical legacy is our comprehension of the five standards or canons of Rhetoric (Olson, 2013). All people practice that little or much more debate and rhetoric, all people try within certain limits to support or refute a particular idea; defense and accusation. Thus, good argumentation through persuasion, requires knowledge of the people-audience, that we address the speech to. What changes them? What drives them? (Aristotle, 1991 Orators, then, can exploit the social, ideological, religious and mythological conditions of the people. Their repressed desires, and their ill-willed desires to make them disobedient and sometimes lead them to commit suicide or fight in unjust wars. Effective political speech has strategic powers that enable the leader to convey the ideas he believes in, the aspirations to be reached, and his mission in its stage and subsequent stages. Consequently, minds of the public believe in them, and strive to apply them. The first means of communication with the masses is political speeches. This what exactly had been done by Mark Antony's political speech at Caesar's funeral.

Persuasion
When you consider the majority of the different activities that somebody can make keeping in mind the end goal to persuade you of something or that you can take to convince or persuade another person of something, you will presumably locate that these activities can be ordered into one of three noteworthy groups. Such groups are related with the three points of the rhetorical triangle. These three groups were first distinguished by the old Greeks; in this manner, they are called by Greek names. Fortunately, English has some correspondence to them.
Persuasion, then, means the attempt and the goal of one participant to change the conduct, sentiments, aims or perspective of another by communicative means (Lakoff, 1981). Persuasive discourse -speechalludes to the semantic gadgets people use to persuade others. Connor and Lauer (1985) viewed composed persuasive discourse or speech as that which coordinates the normal, the believability, and full of feeling offers (comparing to logos, ethos, and pathos) in its (the speaker's) push to impact collaboration and identification with a crowd of people. Their investigation of diverse composed powerful persuasive discourse or speech endeavors to recognize those judicious, dependable and emotional highlights of a content that record for its convincingness and persuasiveness.

Persuasion Strategies In Antony's Funeral Speech: Aristotle's Triangle of Rhetoric
Having been permitted to live, the impressive Antony persuades the conspirators to give him a chance to speak at Caesar's funeral, despite the fact that Cassius cautions Brutus about how much people might be moved by what Antony will express. Moreover, various rhetorical tools are used by Anthony in his speech, including strategies -Ethos, logos, Pathos-and techniques such as irony, repetition, rhetorical questions etc. By the use of these strategies and tools, Antony persuaded people of Rome to declare that the assassination of Casear by the conspirators was a savage demonstration and a murderous act. Thus, it is not an act for the sake of the Roman people to protect them from a dictator. He progressively hit upon the notes of ambition and honourable that after a short period of time called the two terms into location and question.
Aristotle showed that a speaker's ability to persuade a crowd of people depends on how well the speaker appeals to that crowd of people in three distinct regions: logos, ethos, and pathos. Thought about all together, these interests frame what later rhetoricians have called the rhetorical triangle. (Lutzke & Henggeler, 2009); consider figure (2).
-Ethos relates to the credibility of a speaker. Speakers develop ethos by appearing competent, trustworthy, and dynamic; sharing their credentials and/or relevant personal experience; presenting a balanced and noncoercive argument; citing credible sources; -using appropriate language and grammar; -being perceived as likable; and appearing engaged with the topic and audience through effective delivery. -Logos relates to the reasoning and logic of an argument. Speakers appeal to logos by presenting factual, objective information that serves as reasons to support the argument. That is to say that, a speaker should present a sufficient amount of relevant examples to support a proposition; deriving conclusions from known information; and using credible supporting material like expert testimony, definitions, statistics, and literal or historical analogies. -Pathos relates to the arousal of emotion through speech. Speakers appeal to pathos by using vivid language to paint word pictures for audience members; providing lay testimony (personal stories from self or others); using figurative language such as metaphor, similes, and personification; and using vocal variety, cadence, and repetition etc. -

Figure No. ( 2 ): Aristotle's Triangle of Rhetoric
These Aristotle's three rhetorical verifications-ethos, logos, and pathoshave been used as persuasive strategies for a large number of years. All the more as of late, persuasive strategies have been recognized in view of theories and evidence identified with human brain research. Albeit situated in psychology, such persuasive strategies are frequently utilized and examined in correspondence because of their job in publicizing, advertising, governmental issues, and relational connections. The psychologically based persuasive appeals we will show within Mark Antony's funeral speech are positive and negative inspiration. (Aristotle, 1991, P, 32-33;P, 183) 3.2. Persuasion Language: Rhetorical Situation in Antony's Funeral Speech As mentioned above, Persuasion is an act of influencing the mind, feelings, and wills of Others with an end goal to make them do, think and believe of something. Accordingly, any Rhetorical Situation includes the three appeals of Aristotle:

Figure No. ( 3 ): Rhetorical Situation Mark Antony's Speech
Ethos Appeal: 1.Antony speaks in Blank verse instead of prose. Blank Verse was the way the nobility spoke. Antony shows the audience that he has the authority to speak. 2. " Friends,Romans and countrymen....( Line no. 1)" By starting his speech this way, he shows that he is " one of them" ( common person) Pathos Appeal: 1. "Caesar was my friend, faithful and just to me"( Line no. 13) This makes the audience feel sympathy for Antony.

By reading Caesar's will to the people saying that Caesar has given money and land to every person, Antony makes the audience feel guilty. ( 126-127) 3. When Antony shows the people Caesar's wounds( stab marks) and says " this wound was made by Casca, this by Brutus, etc." ( line no. 75-84)he makes the audience feel pity for Caesar and anger towards the conspirators.
Logos Appeal: " Brutus said Caesar was ambitious and that was why he had to die"( Line no. 4) in his speech Antony gives several logical arguments and proof that Caesar was not ambitious:

Caesar was a war hero who brought back captives for ransom that benefitted Rome.( Line no. 16) 2. Caesar cried for the poor-also pathos-( Line no. 19) 3. Caesar refused the crown 3 times.( Line no. 24) 4. Caesar wrote a will that left mony hand land to the common people of Rome. ( Line no. 126-127) These actions proved that Caesar was not ambitious and that the conspirators were not noble in killing him.
It is believed that, the Greek word "Logos" implies words, language and reason. It is the base root from which the English word "Logic" came, (Lau &Chan, 2018). Logos relates with the theme of speeches and written work, and it is interested with the actualities and the manner by which they interact. We can utilize the English word "Logic" to distinguish logos.
Logos can be facts and certainties that are used to persuade somebody. Mark Antony used a considerable measure of certainties and facts over the span of his speech. One of the key facts in his initial speech is; -When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept.‖ To use this, it is extremely very intelligent by Mark Antony since a large portion of the general population that he is attempting to persuade are not the richest cluster of people in Rome. Accordingly, when he used ‗poor' as the kind of people that Caesar sobbed for, the crowd conceive that it is not the right to ruthlessly kill somebody who cares and thought about them that he even cried. The second time that Antony uses logos is not in his first speech but later when he is reading and perusing the will of Caesar. He reads -To every Roman citizen he gives, to every several man, seventy-five drachmas.‖ This line conveys the ability of the power of Caesar's words to make the Roman citizens feel sorry about Caesars death. The logos by Antony shows that Caesar cared and thought so much about his people that not only did he cried and sobbed for them, but, even he left money in his will for his people. This intensely influences the minds of the crowd, thus, they change their minds towards Caesar.
It is well known that, the Greek word "Ethos" is the base root of the English word -Ethics." ( Legal Information Institute LII, 2018) Ethos relates to the speaker. It has an interest with the manner by which the speaker is seen by the audience. The best words to use as equivalent words for ethos are presumably "character," or -personality‖, or "credibility." The most persuading use regarding ethos in Antony's speech is right from the first line of his speech: -Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears!" This demonstrates the fact that, Mark Antony is attempting to get in to the Roman group's hearts with his status as an honorable man. He uses explanatory incongruity all through his speech continually scrutinizing the ethos of Brutus. On the other hand, Brutus was viewed as an exceptionally fair man by the Romans, and fundamentally anything that left his mouth must be right. Mark Antony focuses on the questionable character of Brutus many times saying: "And Brutus is an honorable man." Antony at that point sums his speech up by using the expressions: "I talk not to negate what Brutus spoke." This line limits the irony used by Antony and this is the place of the honorable character of Mark Antony who persuades the crowd to turn on the conspirators without really saying that what the conspirators did was the wrong thing.
-Pathos" in Greek, implies suffering, however the best word we can use is likely "feeling or emotions". Therefore, it is perceived that, "Pathos" is the base root for words, such as, "Pathetic," "Pathologist," and "Psychopath."(Collins English Dictionary, 2018) Pathos compares with the audience and it is interested in the feeling reactions of the audience concerning the message of the speech delivered, i.e. it is concerned with the question -How the audience are moved by this speech? And, so on.
Pathos is the most astutely used component by Mark Antony. He uses a little sum in his first speech saying that -He was my friend, faithful and just to me.( Line no. 13)‖ This reveals that Caesar was a man who is trustworthy and reliable, so it is unjust to be killed. Usually, he suggests this attentively, by using the word ‗just'. Antony then points out the wounds in Caesar's body, he points out the stabs of Casca and of Cassius, not focusing on much consideration regarding them. Then, he focuses on Brutus's stab saying -This was the most unkindest cut of them all.( Line no. 84)‖ He then gets angry and so did the crowd. He then yells -Whilst bloody treason flourish's over us. The dint of pity. These are gracious drops( Lines no. 93; 95).‖ He sums up by rhetorical irony, saying that the work that the conspirators have done is ‗honourable', i.e. respectable.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus defines
techniques as‖ a way of doing something that needs skill or thought." Thus, persuasion techniques are techniques of using a language in way or style that will give persuasiveness to a piece of speech or writing. Kasanova (2013) stipulated, a political leader's idiolect is as he or she encompasses his or her communication policies and strategies using metaphors, repetitive mechanisms, obfuscation methods, etc. Hence, authors whether they are speakers, orators or writers can use various techniques to convince their audience-listeners, watchers or readers-with their own points-of-view. Consider the following figure:

Figure No. ( 4 ): Persuasive Techniques used by Mark Antony In His Funeral Speech
Accordingly, Act III, Scene ii of Julius Caesar has one of the most famous speech ever written and composed for the stage. "Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears..." Antony announces, and afterward he goes ahead with an effectively and a powerfully persuasive speech using some of the mentioned above techniques. Antony endeavors to gain the Repetition: Diction (Word Choice)

Rhetorical Question
Parallelism & Alliteration support of the citizens of Rome by addressing them as his friends and countrymen. He attempts to pick up their support so as to persuade them that the executing of Caesar was unjust and out of line. He uses the word mutiny to embed a thought into their heads that what Brutus did was not moral nor ethical. That is why his words (undoubtedly, Shakespeare's words) have stayed in the human aggregate memory for so long. As this article focuses on the analysis of selected persuasive techniques applied in Antony's funeral speech, it concentrates on the following ones as they are shown in the table below. For the purposes of this analysis, the researcher has made use of the whole speech. See table No. (1 ). Table No. (1), Mark Antony uses these persuasive techniques to give a rhetorical mode with the form of argumentation to his speech. Antony tries to make the citizens of Rome think that Caesar's death was unjust and unethical. He uses such techniques in order to magnify and empower the impact of his speech. The technique that uses the same words or phrases-repeating-but with slight differences is called diction, wordplay or word choice (Moore, 2003). Thus, distinctive types of repetition are used many times-repetition of words & repetition of phrases. It is well known that, you can use repetition in several ways, such as repeating words at the beginning of sentences, or to repeat some of the same phrase from time to time to fix it in the memory of the audience. The three most repetitive used words are honourable ( 10 times); ambitious & ambition (7 times) and Friends ( 7 times). These words are very important to his speech; for, they are the reason behind the main contention. Shakespeare uses this to emphasize Caesars horrible, unjust demise, and how even inanimate ( Line no. 119) objects would rise from their stationary positions to rebel against the traitors who supposedly did the gruesome task for Rome. Antony goes on and declares that, they who have done this deed are honorable and wise no doubt, will with reasons answer you. ( Lines no. 103-104) Antony continues to add ironic descriptions to Brutus and his followers' act of assassination. This makes it seems as though Brutus and his followers receive several insults in one line.

As shown in
Needless to say that, Irony is defined as "the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning.‖ (https://www.dictionary.com/browse/irony) Thus, it is a figure of speech where what is maintained is just the opposite of what is meant to be, -For Brutus is an honourable man; So are they all, all honourable men. ( Lines no. 10-11) He stresses that they are savvy and fair men, despite the fact that they had no one reason or explanation behind murdering Caesar. This makes his speech very effective and successful on the grounds that he in a roundabout way tells the crowd that Caesar was a decent, good, respectable and noble ruler who's no damage and just implied them good and great. Thence, these supposed 'good' men execute Caesar with no reason.
When somebody uses the same initial consonant that can be much more effective, is called alliteration. (Moore, 2003) A very important example of this technique is when he says, "For I have neither writ, nor words, nor worth, Action, nor utterance, nor the power of speech To stir men's blood; ‖ Antony gives the impression that he is harmless and that his words have no effects on the great men that are standing here in the crowd. He had done so, to make himself seem lowly compared to his citizens. By declaring that the citizens are very important, he wins most of the audience's attention and he is ready to deliver the most crucial part of his speech.
It is a very good idea to ask a question or series of questions to introduce a topic for speech. This technique, which is a very common one, is called puzzled, redundant or rhetorical questions. (Moore, 2003) Rhetorical Questions are questions that do not require an answer and are asked only to give certain effects, i.e. only for impact or to lay accentuation on some point talked about when no genuine answer is normal. They are engaged and approached the audience and evoked them to perceive the issue and agree with the author's answer, or intended that the answer is so clear that anyone who disagree is foolish -What cause withholds you then to mourn for him? (  Here, Antony creates a metaphor communicating the idea that Caesar's wounds or injuries are mouths that cannot speak, so Antony will represent them. In this manner he has completed a mind blowing occupation of persuading To sum up, Mark Antony knows exactly well that his audience who were pro-revolutionaries would not ask him what he was saying. He is in the place of the skillful speaker or orator, while they are in the place of the untrained recipients, i.e. he offered no evidence of the validity of what he was saying, but his speech. Thence, fully aware of this, he devours his energies in the act of persuasion, beginning with a declaration of the extent of Caesar's love to them, and planning for their richness and happiness, if not surprised by the hands of the traitors! He shows them signs, which he knows they want to believe, as these signs address their dreams in richness and happiness.

Conclusion
According to Aristotle, politics was the supreme science. For, it sought the highest goal, which is to achieve happiness to all citizens. As for the rest of the sciences, they grow and decline according to their relation to this supreme science. As a consequence, and in the light of the above analysis, the researcher reached the facts that it does not matter if Antony's speech is real or created; for, it is a sign of timelessness to others, which no one disputes.
That is why it deserves to be an example. It is a base example to every political or social speech that provokes minds to control bodies. Hence, the dismantling of its meanings, and the detection of the magic influence, gives a signal to all recipients of how mental reflection is made with the orators' speeches enhance by the laws of logic. So, one must comprehend the use of rhetoric and persuasive techniques to give convincing procedures to his speech.
Actually, the vital occasion of the play is not the assassination of Caesar, but the funeral speeches that tail it. Besides, Antony's speech is considered to be the first political speech in history that all passionate political speeches are measured by what he had already done. That is to say that, it is a golden example of the power of words to manipulate emotions, to serve the political aims and goals, which will not be almost honest.
The persuasive tools whether strategies or techniques used by Shakespeare gives us a smart thought and good idea in how Antony would have been thinking when he made his speech. Structure-wise, comparative subjects or thoughts are grouped and separated just like sections and paragraphs. He stops to hear the crowd and to find out whether they comprehend what he is talking about or not, after that he proceeds to his next argument to additionally persuade the crowd to go against the conspirators. He then closes his arrangement with the saying of -Here was a Caesar! When comes such another!‖ (Line no. 133)