Assis. Lect. Farhang Noori Mahmood and Assistant Lecturer: Saman Othman Ali 2025. History and war as a cause of construction movement in the view of Will Durant and Machiavelli. Journal of College of Education. 61, 3 (Nov. 2025), 441–454. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss3.5093.