The Journal of College of Education (EDUJ) is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the College of Education for Human Sciences, Wasit University, Iraq. It serves as a platform for researchers, scholars, and practitioners to share original research and studies in the fields of humanities, educational sciences, social sciences, and related disciplines. The journal aims to promote academic dialogue and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in education and human sciences, both locally and internationally. It accepts submissions in Arabic and English. The journal is issued regularly and adheres to high standards of academic integrity, transparency in the peer review process, and open-access policies to ensure broad dissemination of knowledge.
College of Education for Human Sciences Wasit University
Heads of Academic Departments at Wasit University
The present study aims to identify the following: The level of job security among heads of academic departments at the University of Wasit. The statistically significant differences in job security according to the variables of: Gender (male – female), Academic rank (Professor – Assistant Professor – Lecturer – Assistant Lecturer), Specialization (Scientific – Humanistic). The research sample consisted of 400 faculty members at Wasit University for the academic year 2024–2025. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted a descriptive correlational research method. The researcher also developed a Job Security Scale after reviewing relevant literature and previous studies. The scale initially consisted of 49 items, which were presented to a panel of experts for validation. The researcher assessed the psychometric properties of the scale, determining validity through face validity and construct validity, and reliability using Cronbach’s Alpha, which yielded a reliability coefficient of 0. 91 The scale was administered to the research sample, and after collecting and statistically analyzing the data, the researcher employed several statistical techniques, including: the one-sample t-test, independent samples t-test for two groups, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and two-way ANOVA. The study concluded with a set of recommendations and suggestions based on the findings.
Prof. Abdul Kat'a Samum Thajil Al-Ruba'i
Copyright (c) 2026 علي جبار حمود، أ.دعبد كاطع سموم ثجيل الربيعي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Climate Variability and Geomorphological Transformations in Iraq Environmental and Spatial Responses
This comprehensive literature review investigates the geomorphological effects of climate variability in Iraq, a country with severe environmental issues due to its arid and semi-arid climate. Desertification, soil erosion, changes to river shape, and wetland degradation all have an impact on Iraq's terrain. The review summarizes findings from 300 scholarly articles, with an emphasis on the climate-induced changes that have impacted the country's geomorphology during the last two decades. The findings show a gradual growth in research production, particularly in the Plain and Kurdistan Region, which have been the key areas of focus. The studies largely focus on climatic impacts on water resources, agriculture, and land degradation, with a particular emphasis on the Tigris and Euphrates river systems and the southern marshlands. The review also identifies significant gaps in the literature, such as little research on climate-induced sand dune movement in the Western Desert and ecosystem resilience in the southern marshlands. The findings highlight the critical need for coordinated research to establish long-term solutions that reduce the consequences of climate change on Iraq's geomorphology. This study gives useful insights into the current state of research and lays the groundwork for future studies on climate change adaptation and environmental conservation in Iraq.
Copyright (c) 2025 أ.م.د آيات جاسم محمد، م.م. مروة رزاق خليل ثامر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Philosophy of employing monotheism and justice in the Holy Quran for sustainability of life an interpretive study
Monotheism and justice are fundamental pillars in the Islamic faith, and the Holy Quran has emphasized these two pillars in several places, as they represent the foundation of faith in God and the principles of fairness in dealing between people. Monotheism is the belief that God Almighty is one, there is no partner for Him, and He is the Creator and Manager of everything, and verses of the Holy Quran have come to confirm this great concept, so God Almighty said:” Say, He is Allah, [who is] One, *Allah, the Eternal Refuge”(AL-lkhlas,verse,1-2) As for justice, it is one of the greatest values that the sacred legislator called for in the Holy Quran, as God Almighty said:” Indeed, Allah orders justice and good conduct and giving to relatives and forbids immorality and bad conduct and oppression. He admonishes you that perhaps you will be reminded”(bees,verse,90) It shows the importance of justice in achieving social and political justice that the link between justice and monotheism is not only a doctrinal link but is a practical link that shows the individual's behavior with others. This interpretive study aspires to shed light on the philosophy of employing monotheism and justice in the Holy Quran, reviewing the Quranic verses that attempt to explore the deep horizons on how to activate monotheism in Islamic society through justice, which is based on lofty ethical principles
Copyright (c) 2025 زينب جاسم حسين، أ.د. بركاوي جليب القريشي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Maximizing Tendency For University Students
The current study aims to identify the degree of glorification tendency among university students. The researcher adopted the Glorification Tendency Scale (Turner et al., 2012). In adopting the scale, the researcher took into account indicators of construct validity and reliability. The current study was limited to morning-session students at Wasit University for the academic year (2024–2025). The sample for this study consisted of 375 male and female students selected at random from a total population of 15,364 students. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS, and the results showed that Wasit University students exhibit a tendency toward grandiosity.
Copyright (c) 2026 ريام عماد صاحب، أ.د. صالح نهير الزاملي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreaks in Iraq: A Geomedicin Study
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, also known as hemorrhagic fever in Iraq, is a serious infectious disease common to humans and animals, with a mortality rate of approximately 40%. It is caused by a virus transmitted to humans by ticks that parasitize infected animals. The virus may be transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or from infected individuals to others. The current study showed that hemorrhagic fever in Iraq has been endemic for more than four decades and has begun to spread in recent years due to a number of factors related to the epidemiology of hemorrhagic fever, the pathogens of which are often linked to environmental conditions. These factors include climate fluctuations and the increased spread of the disease-carrying insect due to the cessation of pesticide spraying, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic and the accompanying lockdown measures. These factors also include the absence of health oversight and the widespread indiscriminate slaughtering outside licensed slaughterhouses. It was found that hemorrhagic fever outbreaks were concentrated in southern Iraq, with Dhi Qar Governorate topping the list in terms of the number of recorded cases and resulting deaths.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.د. آمال صالح عبود الكعبي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Land Ownership in the Middle Euphrates during the Monarchy (1921-1958)
Numerous attempts were made to reform the agricultural sector in Iraq during the monarchy (1921-1958). This sector suffered from continuous conflicts between large landowners and peasants over land ownership and the dominance of feudalism، a legacy of the Ottoman era (1831-1920). Under Ottoman rule، the peasant was essentially a slave to the land، receiving only enough sustenance to keep him alive and working it. This system، which persisted throughout the Ottoman and British Mandate periods، ultimately led to the establishment of feudalism as the dominant system in the agricultural sector. This resulted in the emergence of a class of landowners and feudal lords who controlled vast estates and large tracts of fertile agricultural land at the expense of the majority of the population. Despite this، successive governments sought to address the problem of feudalism and mitigate its effects over time through various solutions. Several laws were enacted، perhaps the most significant being those proposed by the British expert Dawson. His suggestions were incorporated into the Iraqi Land Settlement and Tenure Law. Law No. 51 of 1932، enacted during the monarchy، granted a portion of state-owned land to a number of individuals under a leasehold system. This led to the emergence of a type of leasehold system largely monopolized by sheikhs and large landowners، at the expense of the peasants who constituted the vast majority of society. When Civil Law No. 40 of 1951 was issued، it formalized the leasehold system and land settlement in a way that entrenched private ownership and affirmed the rights of landowners، sheikhs، and owners of large agricultural estates. Article 1050 of the Civil Law stipulated that "No person may be deprived of their property except under the circumstances and in the manner prescribed by law، and in return for just compensation paid to them." These laws established land ownership rights، consolidated the legal system، and settled land disputes for more than half a century.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د علاء الدين عبد الحسين https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The 1923 French Naturalization Law in Tunisia and the Various Perspectives on It
When the French authorities imposed their protectorate on Tunisia, they adopted a colonial policy aimed at consolidating their presence in the country. They sought to give preference to the French and European element over the Tunisian Arab element by following a settlement policy based on naturalization, which they imposed on Tunisia in order to turn it into a French province, However, this naturalization policy was met with rejection and opposition, With rejection and opposition, similar to a small group that wished to obtain French citizenship rights.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د شهد بنوان ناصح https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The poetic language of war poetry between pre-Islamic times and early Islam
As is known, poetry is primarily a linguistic activity as a tool for the word. Therefore, the essence and secret of poetry lies in the language, which constitutes a repository of structures, ideas, and connotations according to the sciences that form that language, such as grammar, morphology, rhetoric, and others. Thus, poetry is nothing but the poet’s experience through revealing his emotions, ideas, and feelings. This is what language conveys in terms of forming the poetic world of the poet. The poetic language in poetry depends on an imaginative creation that arises from the blending of the subjective experience of the individual human being and his being a social human being connected to society as one of its sons. Poetry, as is commonly known, is a group of artistic levels that produce the final image. Therefore, we have explained war poetry through poetic language by way of the lexical level and the semantic level and on the diversity of dictionaries and linguistic concerns
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د ايناس عطوان سليمان https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The significance of women in the educational context of the Holy Qur’an
The Holy Qur'an is a comprehensive book of guidance. It is not limited to explaining rulings and beliefs, but rather extends to developing the individual spiritually, morally, intellectually, and behaviorally, through integrated educational contexts that address the heart and mind. The educational context in the Holy Qur'an is clearly evident in the stories, commands, and directives it presents, instilling values, refining behavior, and developing the individual's faith-based conscience. The Holy Quran focuses on nurturing the soul on principles such as honesty, chastity, patience, trust in God, certainty, justice, modesty, mercy, and others. This demonstrates that the Quranic educational approach aims to prepare righteous individuals who worship God as He should be worshipped and who will enrich the earth with their morals and behavior.
Copyright (c) 2026 فاطمة أركان عطوان، أ.د. مجيد طارش عبد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Administrative Development in Light of the Dimensions of Sustainable Development (A Descriptive Study)
The research problem lies in the lack of awareness of the theory of sustainable development in general and administrative organization in particular. Hence, the current research study. Due to the dwindling natural resources, sustainable development has become a strategic requirement and a lifeline for nations. Sustainable development has become a global school of thought implemented in most developing and developed countries alike
Copyright (c) 2025 أ.دعبد كاطع سموم ثجيل الربيعي الجريخي، أ.د. عباس ناهي كعيد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cultural Sustainability in Selected Poems of Al-Jawahiri and Al-Sayyab
Literature — and poetry in particular—is considered a repository of collective memory and a space for negotiating identity and history. In the context of modern Arabic poetry, especially in Iraq, which witnessed radical political, social, and cultural transformations in the twentieth century, we find a fertile ground for exploring manifestations of cultural sustainability. Mohammed Mahdi Al-Jawahiri and Badr Shakir Al-Sayyab stand out as two prominent figures in this field. Despite the differences in their poetic and intellectual experiences, both engaged—consciously or unconsciously—in a deep dialogue with heritage, identity, and place, offering diverse visions on the continuity and rootedness of culture in the face of change and alienation. This study aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of how the concept of cultural sustainability is embodied in selected poems by both poets. It explores both artistic and thematic mechanisms, situates their experiences within their historical and cultural contexts, and draws upon additional critical perspectives.
Copyright (c) 2025 أ.د جاسم حسين سلطان الخالدي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Philosophy of Using the Book to Sustain Life in the Holy Quran: An Exegetical Study
In life, human beings strive for happiness and contentment and to achieve the aspirations they hold. These aspirations are in harmony with the realities of modern life and are achieved through deep reflection on the Book of Allah, the Almighty, fulfilling one’s duties, and avoiding prohibitions that would bring harm in both this world and the Hereafter. Both of these are signs of security: contemplating the Book of Allah and heeding His commands and prohibitions, which are, first and foremost, for one’s own benefit.
Copyright (c) 2025 أ.د. بركاوي جليب دارم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Climate Change Impacts on Cultural Heritage in Iraq
Climate change is an escalating global concern that has a significant influence on cultural heritage, particularly in places with a long history, like Iraq. This study uses a systematic review technique guided by the PRISMA framework to examine the effects of climate change on Iraq's cultural heritage. A thorough search of three major academic databases—Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar—returned an initial dataset of 1,260 studies. Following the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 178 studies were identified as relevant for full-text evaluation, with 62 studies included in the final synthesis. The analysis focuses on significant climate-related concerns such as erosion, flooding, and desertification, which threaten archaeological sites, historic structures, and intangible cultural practices. Furthermore, the report reveals limited research on mitigation and adaptation strategies, emphasizing the crucial need for interdisciplinary methods and policy integration. This report conducts an evidence-based evaluation of existing research, identifies knowledge gaps, and gives recommendations for protecting Iraq's cultural heritage in light of climate change. By tackling these essential issues, the research aims to impact conservation strategies and promote worldwide cooperation.
Copyright (c) 2025 م.د احمد عباس فاضل، م.د. ستار ترف رزاق، م.م محمد قاسم حميد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Conceptual Thinking In Sustainable Environmental Behavior Among University Students
This research aims to assess the level of conceptual thinking in sustainable environmental behavior among university students, considering the growing importance of environmental awareness as a pillar of sustainable development in higher education. The study employed a descriptive methodology and involved a core sample of 200 male and female university students across different academic majors. To achieve the study objectives, a 30-item test was developed based on a five-point Likert scale. The validity and reliability of the instrument were confirmed, with Cronbach's Alpha coefficient reaching 0.89, indicating high internal consistency. The results of the one-sample t-test revealed a statistically significant difference between the students' mean scores and the hypothetical average, suggesting a good level of conceptual thinking and sustainable environmental behavior among students. Furthermore, the independent-samples t-test indicated statistically significant gender differences in favor of female students, reflecting their higher awareness and engagement in sustainable practices. The study recommends integrating sustainability concepts into university curricula and promoting green practices on campuses
Copyright (c) 2025 م.د.افراح جلال عبد اللطيف https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Awareness of young orphaned children (primary level)
Childhood is one of the most critical periods in a person's life, during which the foundational aspects of personality, psychological, and social growth are formed. Children face numerous challenges during this stage that impact their development and growth. Among these children, orphans, who suffer from the loss of one or both parents, are particularly vulnerable to various psychological and social challenges. Emotional awareness plays a pivotal role in children's lives, contributing to the development of their social skills and interactions with others. This study explores the concept of emotional awareness and the challenges faced by orphaned students in elementary school. It reviews academic research on the subject and proposes effective support mechanisms to enhance their emotional awareness and improve their psychological and social well-being
Copyright (c) 2025 م.م حامد زايرر عجيل عجيل https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainability of language and its expressive power in judicial pleadings
This study addressed the role of the Arabic language and the elements of written and oral expression in achieving justice and how a lawyer can use the correct expression during the pleading. It is certain that using the Arabic language accurately and clearly contributes to achieving justice and ensuring the rights of the disputing parties. It is clear that the sustainability of the Arabic language and its expressive energy play a pivotal role in judicial pleadings as it contributes to achieving justice and ensuring the rights of the disputing parties.
Copyright (c) 2025 م.م نسرين خضير جبارة https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainability Practices in Ancient Egyptian Civilization: Lessons from History to Address Modern Environmental Challenges
This research explores sustainability practices in ancient Egyptian civilization, with an emphasis on their importance in addressing contemporary environmental challenges. Ancient Egypt, a society deeply intertwined with the Nile River, developed innovative approaches to resource management, agriculture, and urban planning to thrive in a challenging environment. The study examines how Egyptians improved agricultural productivity through irrigation systems, crop diversity, and soil conservation while maintaining ecological balance. It also examines architectural and urban planning strategies that reduced environmental impact and increased resource efficiency. Cultural and religious values, which emphasized harmony with nature, played an important role in shaping sustainable behaviors. The research highlights the effective management of water resources, trade networks, and economic systems that ensured long-term stability. By analyzing these practices through an interdisciplinary lens, the study emphasizes the importance of historical insights to address modern sustainability issues. This research contributes to the growing discourse on leveraging ancient wisdom to inform sustainable development strategies today.
Copyright (c) 2025 م.م سحر خليف صخي، م.د احمد عباس فاضل https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cultural Context in Abdul Amir Al-Majr's Short Stories ــ A Study in Light of Genetic Structuralism
The research deals with studying the cultural aspect in the stories of the Iraqi short story writer Abdul Amir Al-Majr in light of the formative structuralism through the cultural context that revealed the storyteller's transfer in his short stories of the customs and traditions of the Iraqi people that were embodied through the cultural system and on the tongues of the characters, and the nature of the dialogue, and showed the religious beliefs and ideology of the Iraqi people, and revealed the depth of cognitive development that distorted many cultural aspects and tried to change them through the existing awareness, or trying to keep up with them due to their heavy weight through possible awareness. Abdul Amir Al-Majr's stories formed a mature example of the Iraqi intellectual who conveys the concerns of his people and the depth of their aspirations for a better future in which the culture of the other, the tyrant and the dominant, is not attached to the ceiling of cultural change.
Copyright (c) 2025 نورعبد العظيم عبد العالي حسن، أ.م.د. حيدر اسماعيل عسكر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Maps of Land Cover Degradation in Iraq Using Remote Sensingand Geographic Information Systems (RS-GIS)
This study aimed to produce and analyze land cover degradation maps in Iraq during the period 2015–2025 using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). A Composite Land Degradation Index (CLDI) was developed based on the integration of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Bare Soil Index (BSI), Soil Salinity Index (SSI), Desertification Severity Index (DSI), and Water Index, with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Weighted Overlay technique applied to determine the relative weights of the selected indicators and generate land degradation maps. In addition, the Markov model was employed to analyze Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) changes and predict their future spatial patterns. The results revealed a significant decline in vegetation cover accompanied by an expansion of bare and degraded lands during the study period, with considerable spatial variation in degradation levels across Iraq. The integration of RS-derived indicators, GIS spatial analysis, and field survey data significantly improved the accuracy of degradation mapping and spatial classification. Furthermore, the Markov model indicated that Land Use/Land Cover changes affected 73.28% of Iraq's total area, while the Composite Land Degradation Index (IDI–DSI) showed that degraded lands accounted for approximately 45.5% of the country's area. The findings demonstrate that integrating RS and GIS techniques with the composite degradation index and the Markov model provides an effective spatial framework for monitoring land cover degradation, predicting future changes, and supporting environmental planning and the sustainable management of natural resources in Iraq
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.م.د ضياء الدين عبد الحسين عويد، م.د اصيل جاسم محمد عواش https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fake news on social media and its impact on the spread of hate speech and extremism among teenagers
This study aimed to analyze the impact of fake news circulating on social media on the spread of hate speech and extremism among adolescents. It seeks to identify the factors that contribute to the spread of fake news among this age group. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach, with data collected using a questionnaire distributed to a random sample of 250 adolescents aged 13 to 18 who rely on social media as their primary source of information. The questionnaire covered four main areas: demographic information, a measure of exposure to fake news, a measure of the impact of fake news, and a measure of hate speech and extremism. The results showed statistically significant differences in the extent to which adolescents were influenced by hate speech and extremism based on their level of exposure to fake news, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.64 (p < 0.01), indicating a strong effect. The data also revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between adolescents’ exposure to fake news and their level of adoption of extremist ideas, with an average adoption score of 3.87 out of 5. It was also found that adolescents who use platforms such as Facebook and Twitter are more susceptible to fake news compared to those who use Instagram and Snapchat, reinforcing the role of these platforms in shaping their opinions and behaviors. The study recommended the need to promote media literacy among adolescents through school curricula, tighten oversight of fake news on social media, and develop technological tools to monitor misleading content. It also recommends involving families in guiding adolescents’ media consumption and promoting scientific research on the impact of fake news, hate speech, and extremism.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. بسام كريم زيدان https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The descriptive scene of death in Abu Tammam and Al-Mutanabbi: A comparative study
The theme of death is a central theme in Arabic poetry, capturing the interest of poets for its religious, human, existential, and intellectual dimensions. This theme has taken on multiple forms in poetic texts, ranging from lamentation to contemplation, from heroism to loss. These images have undergone semantic and aesthetic transformations over the ages. With the development of poetic structure, poets began presenting scenes of death, not as an abstract rhetorical theme, but rather as a tangible event in which movement and emotion intertwine, and the features of loss are manifested in vibrant, dramatic visual images. In the Abbasid era, the experiences of Abu Tammam and al-Mutanabbi emerged as two distinct poetic experiences, in which the aesthetic and intellectual presence of the theme of death was intensified. Their treatment of death occurred on several levels, most notably: the descriptive scene, where death is evoked in a tangible, sensory image, manifested through descriptions of the body, the state of those around it, and the elements of time and place. This type of scene is considered one of the most important expressive components in depicting death, due to its ability to represent poetic emotion and embody meaning.
Copyright (c) 2026 ريم كمال جهاد، أ.م.د. حيدر إسماعيل عسكر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The unity of geomorphological units in the development of the Asia-Pacific region, Khazina, as a mode
A large group of natural and human factors control development and the achievement of sustainable development. Among these natural factors are geomorphological units (landforms), It has a clear and significant role and impact on development and achieving sustainable development, especially in areas where achieving sustainable development is possible if a set of procedures and guidelines are followed, including determining the type of use and without tampering with the experimentation of other uses, by following scientific methods and increasing the production of the geomorphological unit. A group of geomorphological units is formed in the study area, including elevated areas (eastern hills), valleys, alluvial fans, alluvial plains, sand surfaces, sand dunes, marshes, and seasonal marshes... Each of these units has a group of uses that others do not. Some of these uses can be achieved with a very large output, while others have a low output that does not suit the level of production costs and development cannot be achieved.
Copyright (c) 2025 م.د. مهند طارش قاسم المزبان https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Grammatical Preference (Tarjīḥ) According to Jalāl al-Dīn al-Ḥulawāʾī (d. 838 AH) in His Commentary on al-Ḥājib’s al-Kāfiyah A Critical Study
This study examines Grammatical Preference (Tarjīḥ) in Jalāl al-Dīn al-Ḥulawāʾī’s (d. 838 AH) Sharḥ al-Kāfiyah al-Ḥājibiyyah: A Critical Study. It aims to identify al-Ḥulawāʾī’s approach to grammatical preference, highlight the features of his grammatical thought, and evaluate his preferred opinions in light of the principles and evidence of Arabic grammar. The study adopts the descriptive-analytical approach by surveying the instances of grammatical preference in his commentary, analyzing them, discussing them, and assessing their validity. The study is divided into two sections. The first examines grammatical preference based on the established evidences of Arabic grammar, while the second investigates grammatical preference based on grammatical craftsmanship (ṣināʿah naḥwiyyah). The study concludes that al-Ḥulawāʾī adopted a grammatical methodology founded on critical examination and comparison among different grammatical opinions. He did not merely transmit the views of earlier grammarians; rather, he preferred those supported by stronger evidence, reflecting an independent scholarly approach in a number of issues. The study also demonstrates that the evidences of Arabic grammar and grammatical craftsmanship constituted the two principal foundations upon which he based his grammatical preferences
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د. وفاء طارش داود https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Koranic Concepts in the Narrations of Imam Muhammad al_Jawad (peace be upon him) in Kitab al-Kafi: A Study and Analysis
This research seeks to clarify cognitive and practical concepts through the narrations (Hadiths) of Imam al-Jawad (peace be upon him), by analyzing selected models of narrative texts and linking them to Koranic concepts. The research is divided into three primary sections: The *first section* examines the concept of Divine Oneness (Tawhid) and the unity of Divine Knowledge without variation. It focuses on the Imam's debate with Elyas, which revealed the nature of the knowledge bestowed upon the Successors (Awsiya) as "Muhaddathun" (those addressed by angels). It further demonstrates that Laylat al-Qadr (the Night of Power) serves as evidence for the continuity of the Divine Authority (al-Hujjah) in receiving this knowledge. The *second section* elucidates the most significant Koranic concepts regarding the "Major Sins" (al-Kaba'ir). The research classifies them into theological major sins—such as polytheism (Shirk) and despairing of God’s mercy—and those related to social rights, such as disobedience to parents, homicide, and the misappropriation of orphans' wealth. The chain of transmission (Isnad) and semantic analysis of these texts reveal a profound correlation between the Koranic warnings and the infallible’s narrative clarification, which defines the boundaries of justice and social integrity. The third section concludes by highlighting practical concepts, such as the timings of the Dawn prayer (Fajr) and its devotional significance, as well as the rulings on the waiting period (Iddah) for divorced women and widows. The narrations provide a clear and precise interpretation of the Koranic concepts. The study concludes that the narrative text of Imam al-Jawad (peace be upon him) represents the practical application of the concepts mentioned in the Koranic verses.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.د. لبنى حسن عذيب https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spatial analysis of the demographic characteristics of household heads in the city of the neighborhood and its role in community development for the year 2024 (Study in population geography)
The study of demographic characteristics is one of the basic studies in population studies that must be highlighted, as this study aims to address the demographic, social, and economic characteristics of heads of households in the city of the neighborhood and its role in developing society, as human development is a necessary need to advance the reality of society. Therefore, the research also aims to highlight the role of education and income level in achieving social development, as education and income level are pivotal in ensuring people's ability to live a healthy life and improve the lives of their children. The research relied on data (2024) in addition to office sources and field study.
Copyright (c) 2025 م.د. آية هاني موسى، م.م هند نعيس سلمان https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable Urban Development: Raghiba Khatoun as a Model
This study examines sustainable urban development in the Raghiba Khatoun district of Baghdad as a model reflecting the urban, social, and environmental challenges facing Iraqi cities. Sustainable urban development represents a fundamental pillar of comprehensive development, aiming to achieve a balance between population growth, urban expansion, environmental preservation, and improvements in quality of life. Since the mid-twentieth century, Iraq has experienced rapid demographic and urban transformations driven by population growth and large-scale rural-to-urban migration, particularly toward Baghdad, creating significant pressure on urban infrastructure and public services. The study highlights the reality of Raghiba Khatoun and the impact of urban encroachments that have negatively affected its urban fabric, environmental conditions, and social structure. These challenges have contributed to weakening social cohesion, urban identity, and spatial justice. Furthermore, the research draws upon the principles of sustainable development emphasized in international conferences, particularly the human-centered approach that prioritizes social justice, community participation, equitable distribution of resources, and inclusive urban governance. The findings indicate that addressing the urban challenges in Raghiba Khatoun requires integrated planning and development policies that simultaneously consider urban, social, and environmental dimensions. Such policies are essential for achieving sustainable urban development capable of improving residents’ living conditions, strengthening social stability, and promoting long-term urban resilience. The study concludes with a forward-looking vision that may serve as a practical framework for the sustainable redevelopment of residential areas across Baghdad, contributing to more balanced and inclusive urban growth.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.د. ثناء محمد صالح https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Legal Framework of Oil Licensing Contracts and Oversight Mechanisms: A Comparative Study
This study examines the legal framework of oil licensing contracts and the oversight mechanisms governing them in Iraq, considering the strategic importance of oil resources as one of the main sources of national revenue and the legal issues arising from these contracts concerning jurisdiction, conclusion, ratification, implementation, and the protection of public funds and hydrocarbon resources. The research problem concerns the adequacy of the Iraqi legal framework regulating oil licensing contracts and the extent to which it provides effective oversight while balancing the requirements of oil investment with national sovereignty and the public interest. The study aims to clarify the legal nature of oil licensing contracts, identify the authorities competent to conclude and ratify them, and analyze the mechanisms of prior and subsequent oversight, while drawing on selected comparative legislative experiences. The study adopts a descriptive, analytical, and comparative approach based on the analysis of relevant constitutional and legislative provisions and specialized legal literature in Iraq and selected comparative jurisdictions. The significance of the study lies in identifying shortcomings in the Iraqi legal framework and proposing legislative approaches that may strengthen oversight, transparency, and the protection of oil resources. The study concludes that the Iraqi legal framework requires a more integrated and clearer legislative structure regulating oil licensing contracts and precisely defining the competent authorities and oversight mechanisms. It also emphasizes the importance of strengthening prior and subsequent oversight and developing procedures for contractor selection and contract ratification in accordance with the rule of law and the constitutional principle of public ownership of oil resources.
Copyright (c) 2026 الباحث: فؤاد مهدي نور، المشرف الدكتور. داود محبي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS OF THE AMERICA-IRAN WAR IN THE MEDIA DISCOURSE OF SELECTED CHANNELS
One form of discourse is media discourse, which covers channel reports and different types of news. War news is a prominent focus of many media reports, and each channel reflects particular ideological positions. This study conducts a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) of media coverage of the American–Israeli–Iran conflict across four international news channels: CNN (North America), DW News (Europe), Al Jazeera, and CGTN (Asia). The primary objective is to uncover hidden ideologies and discursive preconceptions in these reports. The study tries to focus on the news coverage of the America–Israel–Iran war varies across major international outlets in ways that may systematically influence audience attitudes, yet there is limited comparative analysis detailing how language choices, casualty reporting specificity, and strategic-rationale framing differ across these channels. This study addresses the gap by identify the following points: To determine the extent to which each outlet’s ideological orientation predicts consistent patterns of representation, to identify and compare framing strategies used by CNN, DW, Al Jazeera, and CGTN in reporting and to contribute empirically grounded insights into how international news coverage can influence public perception and moral evaluations during interstate conflict. The study employs an eclectic model based on Teun A. van Dijk’s socio-cognitive approach (1998, 2000). The analysis has two levels: (1) application of the Ideological Square to examine strategies of positive self-presentation and negative other-presentation, and (2) analysis of specific discursive strategies such as the number game, actor description, and victimization. By comparing reports from different continents, the study demonstrates how media discourse shapes reality through polarization (Us vs. Them). Conclusions show that geographical and political affiliations influence patterning and the construction of ideological dominance
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.د ايناس ناجي كاظم المكصوصي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Remote Sensing Analysis of Urban Heat Island Intensity Using NDVI and NDBI in Selected Iraqi Cities
This study analyzes the spatial and temporal variability of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon in selected Iraqi cities (Baghdad, Basra, Wasit, Najaf, and Mosul) over the period 1990–2018, using multi-temporal Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 (OLI/TIRS) imagery to derive Land Surface Temperature (LST). Land cover was classified into urban areas, vegetation, and bare land, while NDVI and NDBI indices were employed to assess environmental impacts. The results reveal a significant increase in LST across all cities, with bare land exhibiting the highest temperatures, followed by urban areas, whereas vegetated areas showed the lowest values, with temperature differences ranging from 3 to 7°C. Basra and Najaf recorded the highest thermal values. Statistical analysis indicates a strong positive correlation between LST and NDBI (R = 0.65), and a negative correlation with NDVI (R = -0.58), confirming the role of urban expansion in intensifying UHI and the cooling effect of vegetation. These findings highlight the impact of unplanned urban growth and vegetation loss, emphasizing the need for sustainable urban planning strategies to mitigate UHI effects in arid environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د رسل علي سلمان حلو، م.م محمد قاسم حميد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Verb Malaka and Its Derivatives in the Holy Qur'an: A Morphological and Semantic Study
Derivation is regarded as one of the most significant characteristics of the Arabic language, as it generates a wide range of derived forms that enrich the language with diverse semantic nuances and expressive possibilities. Through derivation, language fulfills its fundamental function of conveying meanings effectively to recipients. In many communicative contexts, speakers need to vary their lexical choices—even when these choices originate from the same lexical root—to serve different semantic purposes. Consequently, they employ various linguistic structures, including verbs, nouns, sentences, and syntactic constructions. At this point, the role of derivatives within a text becomes evident. When derivatives originating from a single root diversify and occur in different structural positions, they inevitably establish a distinct semantic dominance that contributes to enriching the text with layers of meaning. Such variation prompts an investigation into both the primary meanings inherent in the original root and the secondary meanings that emerge through different derived forms, as well as an examination of their distribution within the text. Against this backdrop, the present study, entitled "The Verb Malaka (مَلَكَ) and Its Derivatives in the Holy Qur'an: A Morphological and Semantic Study," seeks to identify and classify the lexical forms derived from the verb malaka (to possess, own, or have dominion), trace their occurrences throughout the Holy Qur'an, and analyze their morphological structures and semantic implications. Furthermore, the study addresses a central question: Which derivatives of the verb malaka occur most frequently in the Holy Qur'an?
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د. صابرين خليف مطير https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0