The Journal of College of Education (EDUJ) is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the College of Education for Human Sciences, Wasit University, Iraq. It serves as a platform for researchers, scholars, and practitioners to share original research and studies in the fields of humanities, educational sciences, social sciences, and related disciplines. The journal aims to promote academic dialogue and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in education and human sciences, both locally and internationally. It accepts submissions in Arabic and English. The journal is issued regularly and adheres to high standards of academic integrity, transparency in the peer review process, and open-access policies to ensure broad dissemination of knowledge.
College of Education for Human Sciences Wasit University
The unity of geomorphological units in the development of the Asia-Pacific region, Khazina, as a mode
A large group of natural and human factors control development and the achievement of sustainable development. Among these natural factors are geomorphological units (landforms), It has a clear and significant role and impact on development and achieving sustainable development, especially in areas where achieving sustainable development is possible if a set of procedures and guidelines are followed, including determining the type of use and without tampering with the experimentation of other uses, by following scientific methods and increasing the production of the geomorphological unit. A group of geomorphological units is formed in the study area, including elevated areas (eastern hills), valleys, alluvial fans, alluvial plains, sand surfaces, sand dunes, marshes, and seasonal marshes... Each of these units has a group of uses that others do not. Some of these uses can be achieved with a very large output, while others have a low output that does not suit the level of production costs and development cannot be achieved.
Copyright (c) 2025 م.د. مهند طارش قاسم المزبان https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spatial analysis of the demographic characteristics of household heads in the city of the neighborhood and its role in community development for the year 2024 (Study in population geography)
The study of demographic characteristics is one of the basic studies in population studies that must be highlighted, as this study aims to address the demographic, social, and economic characteristics of heads of households in the city of the neighborhood and its role in developing society, as human development is a necessary need to advance the reality of society. Therefore, the research also aims to highlight the role of education and income level in achieving social development, as education and income level are pivotal in ensuring people's ability to live a healthy life and improve the lives of their children. The research relied on data (2024) in addition to office sources and field study.
Copyright (c) 2025 م.د. آية هاني موسى، م.م هند نعيس سلمان https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spatial Analysis to deprive family of the field (economic and health) in Baiji city for 2024.
The deprivation index is a tool used to measure the proportion of households or population living within specific geographic boundaries that experience conditions indicative of a low standard of living. Within this framework، the study focused on economic deprivation in Baiji City. The findings revealed clear disparities in household deprivation levels across the city's neighborhoods. Specifically، 36% of Baiji's neighborhoods were found to have households deprived across all four economic dimensions and their eight respective indicators. Meanwhile، 40% of the neighborhoods were considered economically self-sufficient، and 24% of neighborhoods had households assessed as economically better off. However، the relative distribution of neighborhoods does not accurately reflect the actual deprivation levels of households، as neighborhoods vary in both household count and average family size. For instance، five neighborhoods، representing one-third of the city's total neighborhoods، are home to 10,167 households، which constitute 45% of the city’s total of 23,678 households.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.م.د. عبد الرزاق جاسم احمد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Henry IV and the Circumstances of His Accession to the Throne of England (1413 – 1399)
This study aims to analyze the political and social conditions that led to Henry IV’s accession to the throne of England, and to examine how he dealt with the challenges he faced after seizing power. The rise of King Henry IV was not smooth; he encountered many internal challenges such as revolts, noble family disputes, and financial problems caused by ongoing wars and conflicts. Despite these difficulties, King Henry IV managed to consolidate his rule by employing rational policies and strengthening his authority through Parliament. During his reign, he had to reinforce his position among the nobility, especially with threats emerging from members of the royal family and opposition factions. His power was further stabilized after suppressing the northern rebellion in England and other uprisings that threatened the stability of his reign.
Copyright (c) 2026 زهراء جعفر ابراهيم، أ.م.د. ابتسام سلمان سعيد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Phonetic Miraculousness in the Holy Qur’an: Mimetic and Non-Mimetic Sounds – A Semantic Study
This study analyzes a specific aspect of the rhetorical miracle in the Qur'an, namely phonetic inimitability. It distinguishes between two types of sounds: imitative sounds, which echo real-world phenomena, emotions, or physical and abstract movements; and non-imitative sounds, which rely on rhythm, intonation, and phonetic structure without direct mimicry. The research aims to explore how the Qur'an employs phonetic elements—such as repetition, assimilation, emphasis, rhythm, and paronomasia—to convey meanings and enhance psychological and aesthetic impact on the listener. This reveals the precision of Qur'anic expression and its powerful influence. The study adopts a linguistic and phonetic analytical approach to Qur'anic texts, demonstrating that sound in the Qur'an is not merely a linguistic tool, but carries deep rhetorical and psychological significance. This affirms that the Qur'anic text possesses an intentional phonetic structure that serves and reinforces meaning within a framework of inimitable eloquence unparalleled in Arabic rhetoric.
Copyright (c) 2026 سجى رياض عبد الكريم، ا.د عادل راضي الزركاني https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Rhetorical Purpose of the Qur’anic Discourse: The Oath as an Example
The effect of the oath style in argumentative orientation lies in its role as an inferential driving force that shifts the discourse from mere information-sharing to the stage of persuasion and conviction. The oath functions as a mechanism to enhance acceptability for the recipient, especially in contexts of doubt or denial. In its essence, the oath represents an authoritative argument that summons the "object of the oath" as a witness to truth and a reinforcer of credibility, thereby constructing an ascending argumentative scale that places the conclusion—or the "subject of the oath"—at the highest level of certainty and affirmation. The effectiveness of this style is manifested in its ability to mentally guide the recipient by linking metaphysical or abstract truths to tangible cosmic or existential realities, which narrows the scope for counter-interpretations and closes the avenues of objection. The oath does not merely emphasize the content of the sentence; rather, it charges it with a performative energy that imposes a form of cognitive and emotional commitment on the listener toward the issue at hand. Thus, the oath is transformed from a mere linguistic structure into an integrated discourse strategy aimed at modifying the interlocutor's beliefs and guiding their responsive behavior to align with the speaker's goals and argumentative intent.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.م.د علي صادق الموسوي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Between Reading and Interpretation: A Critical Study of the Traditions Attributed Exclusively by a Scholar to Imam al-Sadiq as Readings
This study examines the readings attributed to Imam Al-Sadiq that have been uniquely ascribed to him by a single scholar, with the aim of determining their true nature—whether they are to be regarded as Qurʾanic readings (qiraat) or as forms of interpretation (tafsir). At the same time, the study remains attentive to the importance of semantic indication (dalalah) in guiding some of these readings, since meaning serves as the primary basis for understanding how what precedes relates to what follows. The main goal of this research, therefore, is to clarify the reality of readings transmitted through a single line of narration and to set aside what should appropriately be set
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د حسين صادق ذاري الهماشي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Rhetorical Analysis of Patriotism in American Independence Speeches
This paper conducts a rhetorical analysis of patriotic language in American Independence Day speeches to explore presidential methods of building patriotic sentiment through words. Historical investigations of these speeches exist, but research on their rhetorical elements of patriotic language remains insufficient. The study investigates rhetorical devices which generate patriotic emotions while building national unity through language that reflects historical periods. The research adopts a qualitative method to evaluate two presidential Independence Day speeches delivered by Donald Trump (2019 Republican) and Barack Obama (2016 Democrat) through Leech's (1969) rhetorical device framework. Presidents use complex rhetorical strategies, which include metaphor and repetition alongside parallelism amplification, antithesis, negation, and hyperbole, to convert historical anniversaries into active patriotic feelings. The most important findings that study found is the fact that rhetorical means are not used indiscriminately in the discourses of events such as Independence Day in particular, but are the linguist strategically employed to achieve goals including national feeling and strengthening national unity. As for the tools used for both speeches, metaphor and repetition were commonly used to achieve emotional interaction. All of this indicates the process of transforming the historical anniversary into an effective national identity among the citizens.
Copyright (c) 2026 نهاوند محسن هاشم، أ.د. مازن جاسم محمد الحلو https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Posthuman Bodies in Paolo Bacigalupi’s The Windup Girl (2009)
This study examines Bacigalupi’s The Windup Girl through a posthumanist perspective, focusing on how the novel depicts concepts such as humanity, embodiment, and ethics in a world shaped by biotechnology and environmental collapse. The study aims to shed light on how the novel, through the character of Emiko, challenges anthropocentric assumptions and provides new ideas about subjectivity, agency, and coexistence between human and nonhuman. The study presented a textual analysis of the novel The Windup Girl by focusing on passages that illustrate the novel's focus on genetically engineered beings, corporate control over life and ecological degradation they were then compared and interpreted according to basic concepts of posthumanist theorists such as as Braidotti, Hayles, Wolfe, and Haraway. The study is a qualitative study based on literary analysis supported by theoretical frame work grounded in post humanist approach. This a post-humanist critical approach applied to the novel, linked to philosophical discussions that focus on several concepts, including identity, embodiment, and power. The study confirms that Bacigalupi's novel not only reflects concerns about corporate exploitation and environmental collapse but also provides space to rethink how to be human in the age of technology. Emiko, as a bioengineered character, embodies hybridity and resistance, challenging binary categories such as human/machine and natural/artificial. The study indicates that there are moral crises in the contemporary era, as biotechnological developments and severe environmental crises force human to find new ethical foundations. The researcher recommends that future studies should pay attention to posthumanist perspectives because they offer a new opinion on how literature can envision new futures and new ethical frameworks.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م صفاء ستار ياس الدعمي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Investigation into English as a Foreign Language Teacher Adoption of Listening Tasks and EFL Learner Feedback in Iraqi Classrooms context
The variation between the importance of strategic listening training and the utilization as a pedagogy in Iraqi (EFL) class classroom is being debated, this qualitative observational research article. While the comprehension of listening is the cornerstone of language development, research has shown that it usually ends up being constraint testing rather than conscious skill-acquisition, driven by context-failure boundaries and possibly get learners apprehensive. Two research study analyzed 15 hours of class room observation videotaped of two Iraqi EFL teachers with a descriptive case study design. Instruction episodes and observable student behavior from transcribed data were analyzed, drawing three main conclusions: 1) The teacher enacted more product‐oriented than process‐oriented instructional strategy that resulted in very little scaffolding, especially in the most relevant pre‐listening stage. 2) Student activity was highly polarized, with passive compliance in the form of majority practice standing out in sharp relief to autonomous use of sophisticated strategies by students (e.g., L1 translation and natural note-taking.3) Instructional decision making was highly reactive to system pressures, like extensive technical constraints and pressure to respect content calendars. The study argues that current oriented listening pedagogy is primarily not process-oriented; and there is an immediate need for training practitioners in explicit, metacognitive listening strategy instruction levelled to local resource limitations
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. حيدر قحطان عبد السادة، م.م. زيدون خلف سلمان https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Self-Awareness and Psychological Security Among Middle School Students
This study aims to explore the relationship between self-awareness and psychological security among middle school students. To achieve this objective, the researcher adopted a descriptive correlational approach, with a sample consisting of 200 male and female students from middle schools in Wassit Governorate. The study utilized a self-awareness scale (developed by the researcher), comprising 21 items covering various dimensions, alongside a psychological security scale consisting of 25 items. The results revealed a positive correlation between self-awareness and psychological security among students. Additionally, the findings indicated statistically significant differences in self-awareness in favor of female students, whereas no significant differences were observed in psychological security between males and females.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. شيماء هاشم شاكر الربيعي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ayman ibn Khuraym's Poetry: A Study in Poetic Imagery
This research aims to shed light on the poetic prowess of Ayman ibn Khuraym through an objective and artistic study. Therefore, it seeks to explicate the means of forming imagery from the poetic verses and to elucidate its patterns. The imagery thus endeavors to explore diverse aesthetic foundations. Kinetic imagery, for instance, represents a rare embodiment of the dynamism of events and the interaction of characters, which contributes to creating a holistic experience that stimulates the senses and emotions of the reader. It also combines the moral, material, and spiritual aspects in a harmonious and balanced manner. Furthermore, the eloquent use and selection of colors enhance the meanings and affirm the connotations. Through this, tangible emotions are embodied for the reader, lending a sensory and cognitive character to abstract meanings. Colors evoke specific emotional and psychological reactions in the recipient, which contributes significantly to enriching the aesthetic and semantic dimension of the literary text. From this, it is understood that imagery is not merely a static or symbolic entity but a dynamic creative framework that allows the artist to formulate meanings and express beauty. Art transcends the limits of traditional communication, opening new horizons for interaction between the artist and the viewer, thereby making it a vital means of expressing human experiences and stimulating thought and feeling. In all of this, I have relied on the opinions of scholars for the objective value they add to the research.
Copyright (c) 2026 مروة هادي عبد الله، أ.د. جميل بدوي حمد الزهيري https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Competencies of E-Learning among Primay School Teachers
The Competencies of e-learning stand as one of the most significant moderm topics,for they explore the essence of digital education – a relatively new concept within primary schooling.Within its scope lies a wealth of essential knowledge aimed at enriching the educational process and making learning accessible to our dear students. These competencies serve as guiding lights that lead learners toward a sound and meaningful educational journey , fostering new ways of thinking and nurturing innovation in our beloved homeland, Therefore, it is vital for every member of the educational community to remain committed to their responsibilities by staying informed about the latest developments in the ever-evolving field of education.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م باسم عزيز محمد الوائلي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The aim of this research is to uncover the relationship between cybercrime and cyber security, particularly given that the scientific advancements witnessed worldwide in the field of communications technology have made social networks (the Internet) one of the most important means of committing crimes, requiring little physical effort. Therefore, the research seeks to demonstrate the importance of cyber security in light of local and global data to reduce cybercrime, which has recently escalated, and to highlight the dangers of these crimes and the international and legislative efforts to combat them.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. حسين لطيف هاشم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Economic life in Islamic Andalusia; model agriculture and trade
This research aims to examine the features of the economic life in Islamic al-Andalus, focusing on the integration between agriculture and trade as two essential pillars for societal prosperity. The study explores the general economic structure, including natural and human resources, as well as the economic policies adopted by the state. It further analyzes the development of agricultural activities, highlighting key crops, irrigation techniques, and the socio-economic organization of rural labor. In the commercial aspect, the study delves into the internal and external trade networks, including land and sea routes, and offers a detailed analysis of local markets, the financial system, and currencies in use. The findings reveal that agriculture provided a stable productive base, while trade ensured the circulation of goods and expanded civilizational connections. This synergy contributed significantly to the prosperity and political stability of al-Andalus. The study recommends further research into the economic frameworks of other Islamic civilizations
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م فيصل غازي عليوي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
"Artificial Intelligence and the Interpretation of the Holy Qur’an: From Traditional Methodologies to Modern Generative Models" (An Analytical and Critical Study)
Amid rapid technological transformations, there emerges a pressing need toexamine the integration of artificial intelligence within Islamic sciences—particularly thefiel of Quranic exegesis. This study aims to explore the scientific and methodological dimensions of employing AI in interpreting the Qur’an, while outlining the Sharia-compliant frameworks necessary to preserve the sanctity of the text and ensure accurate comprehension. The research analyzes current AI-based applications, evaluates their technical capabilities, and compares classical interpretive methodologies with contemporary computational approaches. It further proposes a scholarly model for harmonizing human reasoning with artificial capacities. Findings suggest that AI, when governed by rigorous linguistic and Sharia principles, can serve as a powerful assistive tool for interpreters—without replacing the essential depth of traditional scholarly engagement
Copyright (c) 2026 م.وجدان كريم عياي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fatima al,Zahra (peace be upon her) in al,Zamakhshari's Tafsir al,Kashshaf
This research explores the presence of Lady Fatima al-Zahra (peace be upon her) in al-Kashshaf, the renowned exegesis by al-Zamakhshari, one of the most prominent rhetorical and linguistic commentaries in Sunni Islamic tradition. It highlights the interpretive and intellectual dimensions of her presence by analyzing the narrations and readings in which al-Zahra is mentioned—whether in reference to her virtues or her engagement with the Qur'anic text. The study demonstrates how al-Zamakhshari included such references despite his theological differences with the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them), indicating a form of intellectual intersection and appreciation for her status. The research underscores the significance of this overlap in recognizing the role of women—especially al-Zahra—in preserving and interpreting the Qur’an, contributing to Islamic feminist scholarship. It also examines al-Zamakhshari’s Mu‘tazilite stance and how he balanced his doctrinal views with his acknowledgment of her stature. The study concludes by calling for a re-examination of Fatima’s character in Sunni tafsir to promote sectarian rapprochement, and recommends broader studies on women’s presence in Islamic exegesis.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د. مسلم زامل هادي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Strategic leadership and its readerships to administrative development among deans of colleges at Sumer University from the point of view of department heads and assistant deans Welcome
This study aims to identify the level of strategic leadership practices and their relationship with administrative development among the deans of the colleges at the University of Sumer, from the perspective of assistant deans and heads of departments. Strategic leadership is considered one of the fundamental pillars for developing educational institutions and achieving their long-term goals, due to its effective role in directing resources and efficiently utilizing human capabilities. The researcher adopted the descriptive correlational approach as it suits the nature of the study. A sample was selected from assistant deans and heads of departments in the colleges of the University of Sumer. To collect data, a questionnaire was used, consisting of two main dimensions: strategic leadership and administrative development. The validity and reliability of the instrument were verified using appropriate statistical methods. The results indicated that the level of strategic leadership practices among the deans was moderate to high. It also showed a good level of administrative development in the surveyed colleges. Furthermore, the findings revealed a positive statistically significant correlation between strategic leadership and administrative development, indicating that enhancing strategic leadership practices directly contributes to In light of the findings, the study recommends supporting university leaders through specialized training programs in strategic leadership, promoting a culture of continuous development within colleges, and adopting modern administrative methods that contribute to improving institutional performance
Copyright (c) 2026 ا.د. عباس ناهي كعيد الزويني https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Semantic Analysis of the English Preposition at Using Cognitive Linguistic Theory
The current study is quantitative research by constructing tests to collect the data required. It cognitively tries to focus on the polysemous network the English preposition ‘at’ and its various meanings. This study aims to determine the difficulties that Iraqi EFL students commit mistakes in using English preposition ‘at’. It also highlights the causes of those problems. The study was conducted at the Department of the English Language, College of Education for Women, University of Baghdad, Iraq, in the academic year 2024/2025, first semester. The researcher will use SPSS (statistical program) to analyze data. This comprehensive examination of the English preposition ‘at’ encouraged the researcher to diagnose and analyze its semantic usage, relying on insights from cognitive linguistics (CL) developed by Tyler and Evans (2003). Data was presented using figures and tables. This study reveals the challenges encountered by Iraqi EFL students in utilizing the English preposition ‘at’. This study demonstrates that the cognitive linguistic theory (CL) is useful in accurately comprehending the semantic domains of English prepositions.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.م. سرى مطلك ناصر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Iranian Influence in Central Asian States: Challenges and Future Opportunities
This study examines Iran’s influence in Central Asia as a strategic arena where regional and international interests intersect. The region’s significance lies in its geographic position linking Eurasia to the Persian Gulf, as well as its vast natural resources that have drawn the attention of major initiatives such as China’s Belt and Road. For Iran, Central Asia offers an opportunity to offset international isolation through partnerships with China and Russia, expand its economic role via energy and transport corridors, and leverage cultural and religious ties. The findings show that Tehran faces substantial challenges, including Western sanctions, growing competition from Turkey and Israel, and sectarian sensitivities among local elites. At the same time, Iran retains important opportunities to strengthen its presence through regional organizations, infrastructure development, and soft power instruments. The study concludes that Iran’s future role in Central Asia will largely depend on its ability to balance pragmatic politics with the dynamics of an emerging multipolar order.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. نورا رياض الدباغ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of the A.D.D.I.E. model on the achievement of first-year middle school students in social studies and the development of their visual intelligence
The study aimed to study the impact of the ADDIE model on enhancing the achievement of first-grade middle school students in social studies and developing their visual intelligence. To achieve the study objectives, a descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, and a questionnaire was used as the study tool. The research population consisted of all first-grade middle school social studies teachers in public schools in the city of Wasit. A random sample representing (50) male and female teachers was selected from the total population. The results showed that the ADDIE model had a positive and statistically significant impact on both academic achievement and the development of visual intelligence among first-grade middle school students in social studies. Based on this, the study concluded with several recommendations, including: the need to train social studies teachers, and teachers in general, on how to apply the stages of the ADDIE model in preparing and planning their lessons; and the integration of educational activities and materials that enhance visual intelligence, such as maps and visual simulations, into the curriculum.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. قائد رحيم معن الشمري https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transformational leadership and its relationship to job differentiation among primary school principals from the teachers' perspective
This research examines the relationship between transformational leadership and workplace discrimination in the schools of Thi Qar Education Directorate - Al-Rifai Education Department. The aim is to highlight the impact of effective leadership on the work environment and improve relationships among teachers. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on a variety of demographic variables, including gender, educational level, years of service, and location, revealing a relative balance between genders and diversity in educational qualifications. The results indicated that males represent 54.1% and females 45.9%, while 41.4% of teachers hold a Bachelor's degree. Additionally, the data showed that 40.2% of teachers have more than 11 years of experience, reflecting stability and depth in educational knowledge. However, the research underscores the need to enhance educational staff through increased opportunities for education and training. When analyzing the data, a significant role of transformational leadership was identified, as it plays a crucial role in reducing workplace discrimination. The results showed a very strong correlation between the two variables at 0.933*, indicating a clear statistical significance. Moreover, the calculated F value reached 3297.090, suggesting the model's effectiveness in reliably interpreting the relationship between transformational leadership and workplace discrimination. Based on these findings, the study recommends enhancing transformational leadership through effective training programs, implementing inspirational motivation strategies, and conducting regular evaluations of the assessment and reward systems. It also emphasizes the importance of developing fair policies related to evaluation and rewards, while fostering a culture of innovation and critical thinking among employees. This research provides valuable insights that contribute to improving the educational work environment and promoting justice and equality among teachers, ultimately leading to better educational outcomes and enhancing the overall effectiveness of the educational system.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. محمد نعيم عاشور https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Iraqi–Somali Relations: Challenges and Future Opportunities
This study analyzes the dynamics of Iraqi–Somali relations in light of the major political and security transformations experienced by both countries over the past two decades. It examines the structural challenges that hinder state-building efforts in Iraq and Somalia, including institutional fragmentation, internal divisions, and persistent security threats—most notably ISIS in Iraq and Al-Shabaab in Somalia. The research also highlights the emerging opportunities for strengthening bilateral cooperation in key developmental sectors such as economy, agriculture and food security, health, education, and culture. Drawing on official reports and international assessments, the study concludes that leveraging mutual political will, institutionalizing cooperation frameworks, and expanding knowledge-exchange programs can lay the foundation for a strategic partnership between Iraq and Somalia that supports sustainable development and regional stability.
The Effectiveness of the Cooperative Learning Method in Developing Classroom Interaction among Fifth-Grade Primary Students
The current research aims to investigate the effectiveness of the cooperative learning method in developing classroom interaction among fifth-grade primary students in the schools of the Wasit Education Directorate. It was based on a problem represented by the frequent observation of low levels of interaction within classrooms, especially in light of the heavy reliance on traditional methods based on indoctrination and weak active student participation. Based on the educational literature and previous studies, the cooperative learning method was adopted as an alternative method that contributes to stimulating interaction within the classroom environment. The research objectives and questions were then formulated, and appropriate measurement tools were designed to measure the impact of using cooperative learning on classroom interaction. The research community and sample were identified, represented by fifth-grade primary students in a number of government primary schools in Wasit. The research used the experimental method based on the experimental group and control group design The study tools, such as a questionnaire or observation card, were applied before and after the educational intervention using the cooperative learning method. The data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods (such as arithmetic means and t-tests). The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of the cooperative learning method in improving classroom interaction among students. Based on these results, the research reached several conclusions, most notably that employing cooperative learning enhances students' engagement in classroom activities and increases their ability to express themselves, interact, and work in groups, which supports the trend toward adopting it as an approved teaching method in primary schools.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م علي رضا عبد اليوداوي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Extended Thinking among Kindergarten Teachers
The current research aims to identify extended thinking among kindergarten teachers and to reveal the significance of differences in extended thinking according to years of service (3-5 / 5-10). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher followed the descriptive approach. The research community consisted of kindergarten teachers in the Wasit Education Department, and the research sample amounted to (150) teachers. After using statistical methods, the researcher reached the following results: - Kindergarten teachers enjoy extended thinking, and there are no differences in extended thinking among teachers according to years of service. From the previous results, the researcher reached the following recommendations and proposals: The researcher recommends that the Kindergarten Department in Iraq, in its preliminary studies, develop an extended thinking course, and that its vocabulary be developed by a general committee of measurement and evaluation professors and those specializing in kindergarten.
Assis. Lect. Ghufran Adnan Nasser Saloumi
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. غفران عدنان ناصر سلومي، م.م. زهراء بهجت عزت عثمان https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synoptic conditions accompanying the dry rainy season (2009/2010) in Iraq
The research discusses the frequency of rainy days in Iraq for the 2009/2010 season and analyzes the surface and upper atmospheric synoptic conditions associated with rainy days. Weather maps were analyzed for the pressure levels (1000) millibars and (500) millibars and for the observations (00) GMT and (12) GMT to analyze the frequency of pressure systems affecting the occurrence of rainy days in Iraq. By applying the dry year equation, it was observed that the number of stations experiencing a drought for the rainy season (2009/2010) reached (7), namely (Khanaqin, Baghdad, Al-Hay, Al-Diwaniyah, Najaf, Al-Nasiriyah, Basra), while the number of wet stations reached (3), namely (Mosul, Kirkuk, Al-Rutba). The largest decrease in the amount of rainfall was recorded at the Khanaqin station, which reached (75.8) ml, and at the Mosul station it reached (54.9) ml, and at the Al-Diwaniyah station it reached (50.0) ml, and at the Basra station it reached (48.7) ml, and at the Al-Nasiriyah station it reached (45.3) ml. The smallest decrease was recorded at the Al-Rutba station, which reached (11.8) mm. As for the general average decrease in the amount of rainfall, it reached (27.0) ml.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د.عباس طراد ساجت الفهداوي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Temporal variation of solar radiation in the city of Sulaymaniyah for the period 1994-2024
This research aims to analyze the temporal and spatial variation of solar radiation in the city of Sulaimaniyah during the period 1994–2024, using NASA POWER data based on space-based observations and climate energy models, The research employed a statistical and geographic analytical approach, calculating monthly and annual radiation averages (MJ/m²/day) and analyzing the time trend using the Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope. The results showed that solar radiation in Sulaimaniyah exhibits a clear seasonal pattern, reaching its peak in July and August (29–30 MJ/m²/day) and its lowest in December and January (7–9 MJ/m²/day), with a general trend toward a slight increase of 0.021 MJ/m²/year during the studied period.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د. هدى برهان محمود احمد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Urban Transportation Problems in Basra and Ways to Address Them
This research examines urban transport in Basra, presenting its historical development, resources, challenges, and proposed solutions for its improvement. Urban transport is a fundamental element in supporting urban, social, and economic development, and it reflects the quality of life in the city. Despite the expansion of road networks after 2003, this expansion was not linked to a clear urban vision. Consequently, numerous problems emerged, most notably the weak enforcement of traffic laws and the unregulated spread of private vehicles, resulting in traffic congestion and environmental and service-related impacts. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing statistical data and spatial maps to monitor transport patterns and diagnose field problems. The results showed that the urban transport crisis in Basra is not only related to infrastructure deficiencies but also to the absence of clear traffic policies and the high reliance on private cars. The research recommends developing the public transport system, supporting it with scientific options, and adopting intelligent traffic management technologies to contribute to regulating traffic flow and improving transport efficiency within Basra
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. زينب أحمد جاسم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cartographic representation of the climatic water balance in Wasit Governorate
The climatic water balance is a realistic indicator of the water deficit and surplus values ​​in the study area, as there are correlations between the relevant climatic characteristics and the water balance amounts. The study relied on the Ivanov, Najib Kharoufa and Penman Monteith models to extract the balance values. After arriving at the results of the water deficit and its percentage, the researcher sought to represent both the relevant climatic characteristics and the water balance amounts cartographically for both the hot and cold seasons in the study stations.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م علي حسين عليوي الفتلاوي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Pragma-Cognitive Study of Biden and Netanyahu's Claims on their War on Gaza
The present study is devoted to the analysis of Biden and Netanyahu's claims on their war on Gaza from the pragmatic and cognitive points of view. Biden and Netanyahu are seen to employ different claims when they speak of the war on Gaza in their attempt to justify the war and persuade their audience of the reasons that have made them start such a war. The study intends to uncover the pragmatic and cognitive aspects that are utilised by Biden and Netanyahu in expressing their claims regarding the war on Gaza. The study is qualitative in nature and is based on an eclectic model that includes Culpeper's (1996) theory of impoliteness, Grice's (1975) theory of implicature and Lakoff and Johnson's (2003) theory of conceptual metaphor. Two speeches; one by Biden and one by Netanyahu, have been selected as samples of the study. After analysing the selected data, it has been found that the chosen speeches include some some forms of impoliteness strategies such as negative impoliteness, positive impoliteness and bold-on record impoliteness. The speeches, moreover, contain conversational and conventional forms of implicature. Regarding the cognitive aspects, the selected speeches are seen to include structural and orientational forms of metaphor.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. اعتماد منعم نعمه فرحان https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0