The Journal of College of Education (EDUJ) is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the College of Education for Human Sciences, Wasit University, Iraq. It serves as a platform for researchers, scholars, and practitioners to share original research and studies in the fields of humanities, educational sciences, social sciences, and related disciplines. The journal aims to promote academic dialogue and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in education and human sciences, both locally and internationally. It accepts submissions in Arabic and English. The journal is issued regularly and adheres to high standards of academic integrity, transparency in the peer review process, and open-access policies to ensure broad dissemination of knowledge.
College of Education for Human Sciences Wasit University
A Rhetorical Analysis of Patriotism in American Independence Speeches
This paper conducts a rhetorical analysis of patriotic language in American Independence Day speeches to explore presidential methods of building patriotic sentiment through words. Historical investigations of these speeches exist, but research on their rhetorical elements of patriotic language remains insufficient. The study investigates rhetorical devices which generate patriotic emotions while building national unity through language that reflects historical periods. The research adopts a qualitative method to evaluate two presidential Independence Day speeches delivered by Donald Trump (2019 Republican) and Barack Obama (2016 Democrat) through Leech's (1969) rhetorical device framework. Presidents use complex rhetorical strategies, which include metaphor and repetition alongside parallelism amplification, antithesis, negation, and hyperbole, to convert historical anniversaries into active patriotic feelings. The most important findings that study found is the fact that rhetorical means are not used indiscriminately in the discourses of events such as Independence Day in particular, but are the linguist strategically employed to achieve goals including national feeling and strengthening national unity. As for the tools used for both speeches, metaphor and repetition were commonly used to achieve emotional interaction. All of this indicates the process of transforming the historical anniversary into an effective national identity among the citizens.
Copyright (c) 2026 نهاوند محسن هاشم، أ.د. مازن جاسم محمد الحلو https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Investigation into English as a Foreign Language Teacher Adoption of Listening Tasks and EFL Learner Feedback in Iraqi Classrooms context
The variation between the importance of strategic listening training and the utilization as a pedagogy in Iraqi (EFL) class classroom is being debated, this qualitative observational research article. While the comprehension of listening is the cornerstone of language development, research has shown that it usually ends up being constraint testing rather than conscious skill-acquisition, driven by context-failure boundaries and possibly get learners apprehensive. Two research study analyzed 15 hours of class room observation videotaped of two Iraqi EFL teachers with a descriptive case study design. Instruction episodes and observable student behavior from transcribed data were analyzed, drawing three main conclusions: 1) The teacher enacted more product‐oriented than process‐oriented instructional strategy that resulted in very little scaffolding, especially in the most relevant pre‐listening stage. 2) Student activity was highly polarized, with passive compliance in the form of majority practice standing out in sharp relief to autonomous use of sophisticated strategies by students (e.g., L1 translation and natural note-taking.3) Instructional decision making was highly reactive to system pressures, like extensive technical constraints and pressure to respect content calendars. The study argues that current oriented listening pedagogy is primarily not process-oriented; and there is an immediate need for training practitioners in explicit, metacognitive listening strategy instruction levelled to local resource limitations
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. حيدر قحطان عبد السادة، م.م. زيدون خلف سلمان https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Posthuman Bodies in Paolo Bacigalupi’s The Windup Girl (2009)
This study examines Bacigalupi’s The Windup Girl through a posthumanist perspective, focusing on how the novel depicts concepts such as humanity, embodiment, and ethics in a world shaped by biotechnology and environmental collapse. The study aims to shed light on how the novel, through the character of Emiko, challenges anthropocentric assumptions and provides new ideas about subjectivity, agency, and coexistence between human and nonhuman. The study presented a textual analysis of the novel The Windup Girl by focusing on passages that illustrate the novel's focus on genetically engineered beings, corporate control over life and ecological degradation they were then compared and interpreted according to basic concepts of posthumanist theorists such as as Braidotti, Hayles, Wolfe, and Haraway. The study is a qualitative study based on literary analysis supported by theoretical frame work grounded in post humanist approach. This a post-humanist critical approach applied to the novel, linked to philosophical discussions that focus on several concepts, including identity, embodiment, and power. The study confirms that Bacigalupi's novel not only reflects concerns about corporate exploitation and environmental collapse but also provides space to rethink how to be human in the age of technology. Emiko, as a bioengineered character, embodies hybridity and resistance, challenging binary categories such as human/machine and natural/artificial. The study indicates that there are moral crises in the contemporary era, as biotechnological developments and severe environmental crises force human to find new ethical foundations. The researcher recommends that future studies should pay attention to posthumanist perspectives because they offer a new opinion on how literature can envision new futures and new ethical frameworks.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م صفاء ستار ياس الدعمي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Self-Awareness and Psychological Security Among Middle School Students
This study aims to explore the relationship between self-awareness and psychological security among middle school students. To achieve this objective, the researcher adopted a descriptive correlational approach, with a sample consisting of 200 male and female students from middle schools in Wassit Governorate. The study utilized a self-awareness scale (developed by the researcher), comprising 21 items covering various dimensions, alongside a psychological security scale consisting of 25 items. The results revealed a positive correlation between self-awareness and psychological security among students. Additionally, the findings indicated statistically significant differences in self-awareness in favor of female students, whereas no significant differences were observed in psychological security between males and females.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. شيماء هاشم شاكر الربيعي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ayman ibn Khuraym's Poetry: A Study in Poetic Imagery
This research aims to shed light on the poetic prowess of Ayman ibn Khuraym through an objective and artistic study. Therefore, it seeks to explicate the means of forming imagery from the poetic verses and to elucidate its patterns. The imagery thus endeavors to explore diverse aesthetic foundations. Kinetic imagery, for instance, represents a rare embodiment of the dynamism of events and the interaction of characters, which contributes to creating a holistic experience that stimulates the senses and emotions of the reader. It also combines the moral, material, and spiritual aspects in a harmonious and balanced manner. Furthermore, the eloquent use and selection of colors enhance the meanings and affirm the connotations. Through this, tangible emotions are embodied for the reader, lending a sensory and cognitive character to abstract meanings. Colors evoke specific emotional and psychological reactions in the recipient, which contributes significantly to enriching the aesthetic and semantic dimension of the literary text. From this, it is understood that imagery is not merely a static or symbolic entity but a dynamic creative framework that allows the artist to formulate meanings and express beauty. Art transcends the limits of traditional communication, opening new horizons for interaction between the artist and the viewer, thereby making it a vital means of expressing human experiences and stimulating thought and feeling. In all of this, I have relied on the opinions of scholars for the objective value they add to the research.
Copyright (c) 2026 مروة هادي عبد الله، أ.د. جميل بدوي حمد الزهيري https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Competencies of E-Learning among Primay School Teachers
The Competencies of e-learning stand as one of the most significant moderm topics,for they explore the essence of digital education – a relatively new concept within primary schooling.Within its scope lies a wealth of essential knowledge aimed at enriching the educational process and making learning accessible to our dear students. These competencies serve as guiding lights that lead learners toward a sound and meaningful educational journey , fostering new ways of thinking and nurturing innovation in our beloved homeland, Therefore, it is vital for every member of the educational community to remain committed to their responsibilities by staying informed about the latest developments in the ever-evolving field of education.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م باسم عزيز محمد الوائلي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The aim of this research is to uncover the relationship between cybercrime and cyber security, particularly given that the scientific advancements witnessed worldwide in the field of communications technology have made social networks (the Internet) one of the most important means of committing crimes, requiring little physical effort. Therefore, the research seeks to demonstrate the importance of cyber security in light of local and global data to reduce cybercrime, which has recently escalated, and to highlight the dangers of these crimes and the international and legislative efforts to combat them.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. حسين لطيف هاشم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Economic life in Islamic Andalusia; model agriculture and trade
This research aims to examine the features of the economic life in Islamic al-Andalus, focusing on the integration between agriculture and trade as two essential pillars for societal prosperity. The study explores the general economic structure, including natural and human resources, as well as the economic policies adopted by the state. It further analyzes the development of agricultural activities, highlighting key crops, irrigation techniques, and the socio-economic organization of rural labor. In the commercial aspect, the study delves into the internal and external trade networks, including land and sea routes, and offers a detailed analysis of local markets, the financial system, and currencies in use. The findings reveal that agriculture provided a stable productive base, while trade ensured the circulation of goods and expanded civilizational connections. This synergy contributed significantly to the prosperity and political stability of al-Andalus. The study recommends further research into the economic frameworks of other Islamic civilizations
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م فيصل غازي عليوي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
"Artificial Intelligence and the Interpretation of the Holy Qur’an: From Traditional Methodologies to Modern Generative Models" (An Analytical and Critical Study)
Amid rapid technological transformations, there emerges a pressing need toexamine the integration of artificial intelligence within Islamic sciences—particularly thefiel of Quranic exegesis. This study aims to explore the scientific and methodological dimensions of employing AI in interpreting the Qur’an, while outlining the Sharia-compliant frameworks necessary to preserve the sanctity of the text and ensure accurate comprehension. The research analyzes current AI-based applications, evaluates their technical capabilities, and compares classical interpretive methodologies with contemporary computational approaches. It further proposes a scholarly model for harmonizing human reasoning with artificial capacities. Findings suggest that AI, when governed by rigorous linguistic and Sharia principles, can serve as a powerful assistive tool for interpreters—without replacing the essential depth of traditional scholarly engagement
Copyright (c) 2026 م.وجدان كريم عياي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fatima al,Zahra (peace be upon her) in al,Zamakhshari's Tafsir al,Kashshaf
This research explores the presence of Lady Fatima al-Zahra (peace be upon her) in al-Kashshaf, the renowned exegesis by al-Zamakhshari, one of the most prominent rhetorical and linguistic commentaries in Sunni Islamic tradition. It highlights the interpretive and intellectual dimensions of her presence by analyzing the narrations and readings in which al-Zahra is mentioned—whether in reference to her virtues or her engagement with the Qur'anic text. The study demonstrates how al-Zamakhshari included such references despite his theological differences with the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them), indicating a form of intellectual intersection and appreciation for her status. The research underscores the significance of this overlap in recognizing the role of women—especially al-Zahra—in preserving and interpreting the Qur’an, contributing to Islamic feminist scholarship. It also examines al-Zamakhshari’s Mu‘tazilite stance and how he balanced his doctrinal views with his acknowledgment of her stature. The study concludes by calling for a re-examination of Fatima’s character in Sunni tafsir to promote sectarian rapprochement, and recommends broader studies on women’s presence in Islamic exegesis.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د. مسلم زامل هادي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Iranian Influence in Central Asian States: Challenges and Future Opportunities
This study examines Iran’s influence in Central Asia as a strategic arena where regional and international interests intersect. The region’s significance lies in its geographic position linking Eurasia to the Persian Gulf, as well as its vast natural resources that have drawn the attention of major initiatives such as China’s Belt and Road. For Iran, Central Asia offers an opportunity to offset international isolation through partnerships with China and Russia, expand its economic role via energy and transport corridors, and leverage cultural and religious ties. The findings show that Tehran faces substantial challenges, including Western sanctions, growing competition from Turkey and Israel, and sectarian sensitivities among local elites. At the same time, Iran retains important opportunities to strengthen its presence through regional organizations, infrastructure development, and soft power instruments. The study concludes that Iran’s future role in Central Asia will largely depend on its ability to balance pragmatic politics with the dynamics of an emerging multipolar order.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. نورا رياض الدباغ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Strategic leadership and its readerships to administrative development among deans of colleges at Sumer University from the point of view of department heads and assistant deans Welcome
This study aims to identify the level of strategic leadership practices and their relationship with administrative development among the deans of the colleges at the University of Sumer, from the perspective of assistant deans and heads of departments. Strategic leadership is considered one of the fundamental pillars for developing educational institutions and achieving their long-term goals, due to its effective role in directing resources and efficiently utilizing human capabilities. The researcher adopted the descriptive correlational approach as it suits the nature of the study. A sample was selected from assistant deans and heads of departments in the colleges of the University of Sumer. To collect data, a questionnaire was used, consisting of two main dimensions: strategic leadership and administrative development. The validity and reliability of the instrument were verified using appropriate statistical methods. The results indicated that the level of strategic leadership practices among the deans was moderate to high. It also showed a good level of administrative development in the surveyed colleges. Furthermore, the findings revealed a positive statistically significant correlation between strategic leadership and administrative development, indicating that enhancing strategic leadership practices directly contributes to In light of the findings, the study recommends supporting university leaders through specialized training programs in strategic leadership, promoting a culture of continuous development within colleges, and adopting modern administrative methods that contribute to improving institutional performance
Copyright (c) 2026 ا.د. عباس ناهي كعيد الزويني https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Semantic Analysis of the English Preposition at Using Cognitive Linguistic Theory
The current study is quantitative research by constructing tests to collect the data required. It cognitively tries to focus on the polysemous network the English preposition ‘at’ and its various meanings. This study aims to determine the difficulties that Iraqi EFL students commit mistakes in using English preposition ‘at’. It also highlights the causes of those problems. The study was conducted at the Department of the English Language, College of Education for Women, University of Baghdad, Iraq, in the academic year 2024/2025, first semester. The researcher will use SPSS (statistical program) to analyze data. This comprehensive examination of the English preposition ‘at’ encouraged the researcher to diagnose and analyze its semantic usage, relying on insights from cognitive linguistics (CL) developed by Tyler and Evans (2003). Data was presented using figures and tables. This study reveals the challenges encountered by Iraqi EFL students in utilizing the English preposition ‘at’. This study demonstrates that the cognitive linguistic theory (CL) is useful in accurately comprehending the semantic domains of English prepositions.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.م. سرى مطلك ناصر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of the A.D.D.I.E. model on the achievement of first-year middle school students in social studies and the development of their visual intelligence
The study aimed to study the impact of the ADDIE model on enhancing the achievement of first-grade middle school students in social studies and developing their visual intelligence. To achieve the study objectives, a descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, and a questionnaire was used as the study tool. The research population consisted of all first-grade middle school social studies teachers in public schools in the city of Wasit. A random sample representing (50) male and female teachers was selected from the total population. The results showed that the ADDIE model had a positive and statistically significant impact on both academic achievement and the development of visual intelligence among first-grade middle school students in social studies. Based on this, the study concluded with several recommendations, including: the need to train social studies teachers, and teachers in general, on how to apply the stages of the ADDIE model in preparing and planning their lessons; and the integration of educational activities and materials that enhance visual intelligence, such as maps and visual simulations, into the curriculum.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. قائد رحيم معن الشمري https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transformational leadership and its relationship to job differentiation among primary school principals from the teachers' perspective
This research examines the relationship between transformational leadership and workplace discrimination in the schools of Thi Qar Education Directorate - Al-Rifai Education Department. The aim is to highlight the impact of effective leadership on the work environment and improve relationships among teachers. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on a variety of demographic variables, including gender, educational level, years of service, and location, revealing a relative balance between genders and diversity in educational qualifications. The results indicated that males represent 54.1% and females 45.9%, while 41.4% of teachers hold a Bachelor's degree. Additionally, the data showed that 40.2% of teachers have more than 11 years of experience, reflecting stability and depth in educational knowledge. However, the research underscores the need to enhance educational staff through increased opportunities for education and training. When analyzing the data, a significant role of transformational leadership was identified, as it plays a crucial role in reducing workplace discrimination. The results showed a very strong correlation between the two variables at 0.933*, indicating a clear statistical significance. Moreover, the calculated F value reached 3297.090, suggesting the model's effectiveness in reliably interpreting the relationship between transformational leadership and workplace discrimination. Based on these findings, the study recommends enhancing transformational leadership through effective training programs, implementing inspirational motivation strategies, and conducting regular evaluations of the assessment and reward systems. It also emphasizes the importance of developing fair policies related to evaluation and rewards, while fostering a culture of innovation and critical thinking among employees. This research provides valuable insights that contribute to improving the educational work environment and promoting justice and equality among teachers, ultimately leading to better educational outcomes and enhancing the overall effectiveness of the educational system.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. محمد نعيم عاشور https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Iraqi–Somali Relations: Challenges and Future Opportunities
This study analyzes the dynamics of Iraqi–Somali relations in light of the major political and security transformations experienced by both countries over the past two decades. It examines the structural challenges that hinder state-building efforts in Iraq and Somalia, including institutional fragmentation, internal divisions, and persistent security threats—most notably ISIS in Iraq and Al-Shabaab in Somalia. The research also highlights the emerging opportunities for strengthening bilateral cooperation in key developmental sectors such as economy, agriculture and food security, health, education, and culture. Drawing on official reports and international assessments, the study concludes that leveraging mutual political will, institutionalizing cooperation frameworks, and expanding knowledge-exchange programs can lay the foundation for a strategic partnership between Iraq and Somalia that supports sustainable development and regional stability.
Extended Thinking among Kindergarten Teachers
The current research aims to identify extended thinking among kindergarten teachers and to reveal the significance of differences in extended thinking according to years of service (3-5 / 5-10). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher followed the descriptive approach. The research community consisted of kindergarten teachers in the Wasit Education Department, and the research sample amounted to (150) teachers. After using statistical methods, the researcher reached the following results: - Kindergarten teachers enjoy extended thinking, and there are no differences in extended thinking among teachers according to years of service. From the previous results, the researcher reached the following recommendations and proposals: The researcher recommends that the Kindergarten Department in Iraq, in its preliminary studies, develop an extended thinking course, and that its vocabulary be developed by a general committee of measurement and evaluation professors and those specializing in kindergarten.
Assis. Lect. Ghufran Adnan Nasser Saloumi
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. غفران عدنان ناصر سلومي، م.م. زهراء بهجت عزت عثمان https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effectiveness of the Cooperative Learning Method in Developing Classroom Interaction among Fifth-Grade Primary Students
The current research aims to investigate the effectiveness of the cooperative learning method in developing classroom interaction among fifth-grade primary students in the schools of the Wasit Education Directorate. It was based on a problem represented by the frequent observation of low levels of interaction within classrooms, especially in light of the heavy reliance on traditional methods based on indoctrination and weak active student participation. Based on the educational literature and previous studies, the cooperative learning method was adopted as an alternative method that contributes to stimulating interaction within the classroom environment. The research objectives and questions were then formulated, and appropriate measurement tools were designed to measure the impact of using cooperative learning on classroom interaction. The research community and sample were identified, represented by fifth-grade primary students in a number of government primary schools in Wasit. The research used the experimental method based on the experimental group and control group design The study tools, such as a questionnaire or observation card, were applied before and after the educational intervention using the cooperative learning method. The data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods (such as arithmetic means and t-tests). The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of the cooperative learning method in improving classroom interaction among students. Based on these results, the research reached several conclusions, most notably that employing cooperative learning enhances students' engagement in classroom activities and increases their ability to express themselves, interact, and work in groups, which supports the trend toward adopting it as an approved teaching method in primary schools.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م علي رضا عبد اليوداوي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synoptic conditions accompanying the dry rainy season (2009/2010) in Iraq
The research discusses the frequency of rainy days in Iraq for the 2009/2010 season and analyzes the surface and upper atmospheric synoptic conditions associated with rainy days. Weather maps were analyzed for the pressure levels (1000) millibars and (500) millibars and for the observations (00) GMT and (12) GMT to analyze the frequency of pressure systems affecting the occurrence of rainy days in Iraq. By applying the dry year equation, it was observed that the number of stations experiencing a drought for the rainy season (2009/2010) reached (7), namely (Khanaqin, Baghdad, Al-Hay, Al-Diwaniyah, Najaf, Al-Nasiriyah, Basra), while the number of wet stations reached (3), namely (Mosul, Kirkuk, Al-Rutba). The largest decrease in the amount of rainfall was recorded at the Khanaqin station, which reached (75.8) ml, and at the Mosul station it reached (54.9) ml, and at the Al-Diwaniyah station it reached (50.0) ml, and at the Basra station it reached (48.7) ml, and at the Al-Nasiriyah station it reached (45.3) ml. The smallest decrease was recorded at the Al-Rutba station, which reached (11.8) mm. As for the general average decrease in the amount of rainfall, it reached (27.0) ml.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د.عباس طراد ساجت الفهداوي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cartographic representation of the climatic water balance in Wasit Governorate
The climatic water balance is a realistic indicator of the water deficit and surplus values ​​in the study area, as there are correlations between the relevant climatic characteristics and the water balance amounts. The study relied on the Ivanov, Najib Kharoufa and Penman Monteith models to extract the balance values. After arriving at the results of the water deficit and its percentage, the researcher sought to represent both the relevant climatic characteristics and the water balance amounts cartographically for both the hot and cold seasons in the study stations.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م علي حسين عليوي الفتلاوي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Urban Transportation Problems in Basra and Ways to Address Them
This research examines urban transport in Basra, presenting its historical development, resources, challenges, and proposed solutions for its improvement. Urban transport is a fundamental element in supporting urban, social, and economic development, and it reflects the quality of life in the city. Despite the expansion of road networks after 2003, this expansion was not linked to a clear urban vision. Consequently, numerous problems emerged, most notably the weak enforcement of traffic laws and the unregulated spread of private vehicles, resulting in traffic congestion and environmental and service-related impacts. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing statistical data and spatial maps to monitor transport patterns and diagnose field problems. The results showed that the urban transport crisis in Basra is not only related to infrastructure deficiencies but also to the absence of clear traffic policies and the high reliance on private cars. The research recommends developing the public transport system, supporting it with scientific options, and adopting intelligent traffic management technologies to contribute to regulating traffic flow and improving transport efficiency within Basra
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. زينب أحمد جاسم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Temporal variation of solar radiation in the city of Sulaymaniyah for the period 1994-2024
This research aims to analyze the temporal and spatial variation of solar radiation in the city of Sulaimaniyah during the period 1994–2024, using NASA POWER data based on space-based observations and climate energy models, The research employed a statistical and geographic analytical approach, calculating monthly and annual radiation averages (MJ/m²/day) and analyzing the time trend using the Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope. The results showed that solar radiation in Sulaimaniyah exhibits a clear seasonal pattern, reaching its peak in July and August (29–30 MJ/m²/day) and its lowest in December and January (7–9 MJ/m²/day), with a general trend toward a slight increase of 0.021 MJ/m²/year during the studied period.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د. هدى برهان محمود احمد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Asianization, Multicultural tensions and Identity in John Romeril’s Miss Tanaka (2001)
This paper examines the issue of Australian “Asianization”, which was adopted by Keating government (1991-1996), as one of the policies to consider the country’s geographical position in the continent. In so doing, the paper explores John Romeril’s Miss Tanaka (2001) to investigate how it reflects the nation’s “coming to terms” with its position in the Asia-Pacific region (Varney, 2009, p. 37). Further, it addresses the issue of cultural diversity through its cross-racial cast of characters. This layered theatrical approach situates Miss Tanaka as a key text in Australia’s broader cultural shift toward Asia, foregrounding the importance of multicultural narratives and identities within a regional framework. Further, relying on the works of scholars, such as Ien Ang, Gareth Griffiths, Graham Huggan, this paper explores the intricacies of identity and cultural amalgamation and reflect the extent to which Australian identity has been diverse. Further, the paper conveys how Romeril, in this play, celebrates Australia’s cultural diversity. It also demonstrates how the play challenges the claim that Australia’s identity is monolithic and critiques the white male gaze which considers the Asian female as a site of sexual desire.
Copyright (c) 2026 حسن فلاح حسن جاسم البياتي، أ.م. د. ثامر راشد شيال الزبيدي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Pragma-Cognitive Study of Biden and Netanyahu's Claims on their War on Gaza
The present study is devoted to the analysis of Biden and Netanyahu's claims on their war on Gaza from the pragmatic and cognitive points of view. Biden and Netanyahu are seen to employ different claims when they speak of the war on Gaza in their attempt to justify the war and persuade their audience of the reasons that have made them start such a war. The study intends to uncover the pragmatic and cognitive aspects that are utilised by Biden and Netanyahu in expressing their claims regarding the war on Gaza. The study is qualitative in nature and is based on an eclectic model that includes Culpeper's (1996) theory of impoliteness, Grice's (1975) theory of implicature and Lakoff and Johnson's (2003) theory of conceptual metaphor. Two speeches; one by Biden and one by Netanyahu, have been selected as samples of the study. After analysing the selected data, it has been found that the chosen speeches include some some forms of impoliteness strategies such as negative impoliteness, positive impoliteness and bold-on record impoliteness. The speeches, moreover, contain conversational and conventional forms of implicature. Regarding the cognitive aspects, the selected speeches are seen to include structural and orientational forms of metaphor.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. اعتماد منعم نعمه فرحان https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study of the impact of climate change on the fluctuation of water volume and level in the Al-Dalmaj Marsh Basin for the period from (2000-2025) based on modern geographical techniques
Water bodies, including marshes, are among the landforms most sensitive to climate change. Variations in their qualitative, quantitative, and topographic characteristics provide clear evidence of climatic impacts observed globally and across different regions of Iraq in recent decades. Hor Al-Dalmaj represents one of the water bodies that has shown significant responses to climate change and environmental conditions during the period 2000–2025. Changes in water levels within Hor Al-Dalmaj Lake were monitored and quantified using remote sensing techniques and Geographic Information Systems through the analysis of Landsat satellite imagery for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2025. This study aims to analyze the temporal and structural changes of the marsh using the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) to extract water classes, assess change dynamics, and evaluate hydrological behavior under climate change. The results indicate a general trend toward shrinkage of the water surface area, accompanied by fluctuating change rates. Structural transformations were observed, including a decline in deep-water areas and an expansion of shallow water and dry land classes, reflecting hydrological responses to climate change and human pressures.
Copyright (c) 2026 م. د ميادة طالب كاظم حميد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Russian expansion towards Persia until 1556-1907 AD
Russia aspired to join the ranks of the most active and economically and militarily developed European countries. Due to the harsh nature of Russia's geographical location, it strove to break free of the constraints of nature by opening up horizons that would enable it to access warmer waters, which would contribute to raising its status both internally and externally. Therefore, the Russian tsars sought to break the isolation that Russia had experienced for centuries from Europe by gaining access to seas open to navigation throughout the year and searching for ports that would help them export in warm waters. Despite Russia's control over a number of seas, including the Baltic and Caspian Seas, these seas were of no real benefit to Russia. The Baltic Sea is frozen for most months of the year, and the Caspian Sea is an inland sea. This prompted Russia to turn its attention to Persia, given its location in southern Russia and its long borders with it, and because Persia possessed a number of important ports overlooking the eastern coast of the Arabian Gulf. Russia therefore sought to expand its trade with Persia. Focusing on Persia, this study highlights the importance of shedding light on the nature of the historical events, both economically and militarily, that accompanied Russian expansion and demonstrating the extent of its impact on both the Russian and Persian sides, despite the long historical period covered by this study.
Copyright (c) 2026 م. حسن غانم عبد ردن https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Philippines has a long history, having witnessed human presence on its land for thousands of years, and early societies emerged that formed the features of its ancient civilization. Although there was no unity among the Philippine islands in ancient times, the Philippines was not isolated, as it was linked to the surrounding countries through diplomatic and commercial relations before it was discovered by European missions. The discovery of the Philippines was the result of the Portuguese-Spanish competition to control and monopolize international trade routes. Based on that, the Portuguese and Spanish were at the forefront of the European countries that developed modern means of maritime navigation, supported by their kings who took the initiative to support adventurous sailors, and achieved progress in the field of geographical discoveries through which the Philippine Islands were discovered. This was achieved through the Spanish expedition led by the explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1521, which took about two years before reaching the Philippines. Its arrival was the first contact of the Philippine Islands with European countries, and Europeans had never dealt with the Filipinos before this expedition. Despite the short period that Magellan’s expedition spent in the Philippines, the moment Its landing marked a new turning point in Philippine history, as it opened the door for European influence and control over the Philippine islands. Furthermore, Magellan's expedition represented the beginning of European religious influence on the Philippine islands, as this expedition brought Christianity for the first time to Philippine society. Before this expedition, Christianity had never existed among the inhabitants of the Philippine islands.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.غازي عيدان راضي الحجيمي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Linguistic Thinking and its Relationship to Systemic Intelligence among Students of Arabic Language Departments in Colleges of Education
The present research aims to identify linguistic thinking and its relationship to systemic intelligence among students of the Arabic Language departments in Colleges of Education. The sample consisted of (140) students from the total population of students in the Arabic Language departments in Colleges of Education for the academic year (2024 / 2025). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted a tool for testing linguistic thinking and a scale for testing systemic intelligence. After extracting the psychometric properties, the researcher applied them to the research sample. After employing the appropriate statistical treatments for the research, it was found that there is a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of the linguistic thinking test (positively), indicating that the research sample possesses linguistic thinking. It was also found that there is a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of the systemic intelligence test (positively), indicating that the research sample enjoys systemic intelligence. As for the relationship between linguistic thinking and systemic intelligence, the results indicated the existence of a significant correlational relationship between linguistic thinking and systemic intelligence among students of the Arabic Language departments. In light of the results, the researcher recommended a number of recommendations and suggestions.
Copyright (c) 2026 م. سعد فهد داخل الدلفي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Shirley brothers and their role in the Safavid state 1528-1598 AD
At the beginning of the seventeenth century، the English brothers Anthony and Robert Sherley emerged as pivotal players in the political and military interactions between the Safavid Empire and Europe. They arrived in Iran in 1598 AD، during the reign of Shah Abbas I، bringing European military expertise and organizational techniques that contributed to the restructuring of the Safavid army and the development of its combat capabilities، particularly in the use of firearms and artillery. Anthony Sherley played a military advisory role، focusing on modernizing military formations and establishing training foundations in accordance with European standards. He also played a diplomatic role، establishing political، military، and commercial relations between Iran and European countries to confront the Ottoman Empire. Meanwhile، Robert Sherley undertook high-level military and diplomatic duties، leading Iranian missions to European kingdoms such as Spain، Italy، Poland، and Russia، with the aim of forming alliances aimed at limiting Ottoman influence and enhancing trade and political exchanges. These efforts contributed to consolidating the Safavid state's position as a regional power with an international dimension and to expanding its contacts with European powers. The Shirley brothers thus formed a strategic bridge between East and West، and their presence had a profound impact on the development of the Safavid military and diplomatic structure
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د. عدي سامي فارس https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The English politician Robert Cecil and his role in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605
In the early seventeenth century, England witnessed severe disorder characterized by religious tensions and power struggles between the Protestant government and the Catholic minority. One of the most famous events of that era was the Gunpowder Plot of 1605, a failed attempt to blow up the English Parliament and assassinate King James I. The plot centered around a complex network of conspirators, government officials, and informants. Robert Cecil, the First Earl of Salisbury and chief advisor to King James I, was a key figure who played a crucial role in uncovering the conspiracy. This research explores Cecil's significant role in exposing the Gunpowder Plot, examines his motives, actions, and impact on the outcome of the event. By presenting material from primary sources, the events are analyzed to understand the causes and motives of the plot, and shed light on Cecil's character and his role in one of the most important historical events in England's history.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.م.د باسم كسار كظم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0