Journal of Education College Wasit University
type: channel
description: The Journal of the College of Education (EDUJ) is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the College of Education for Human Sciences at Wasit University, Iraq. It serves as a platform for researchers, scholars, and practitioners to share original research and studies in the fields of humanities, educational sciences, social sciences, and related disciplines. The journal aims to promote academic dialogue and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in education and human sciences, both locally and internationally. It accepts submissions in Arabic and English. The journal is issued regularly and adheres to high standards of academic integrity, transparency in the peer review process, and open-access policies to ensure broad dissemination of knowledge.
publisher: Education College Wasit University
language: en
publication name: Journal of Education College Wasit University
issn: 1994-4217
items: The Spatial Variation of Population in Al-Kut City’s NeighborhoodsUsing Quantitative Classification Methods
items: The Differences in Interpretation of Surah At-Takathur between Sayyid Al-Tabataba'i and Al-Huwaizi(A Descriptive Analytical Study)
items: The Tragic Tendency in the Poems of David Simony
items: Contemporary Criminal Policy and Its Impact on the Development of Penal Law
items: Teaching English Pronunciation through Phonetic Training: A Comparative Study Among English Teacher Trainees at the Open Educational College in Al-Suwaira, Wasit Province, Iraq
items: The Legal Implications of Suspending Cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency: Iran as a Model
items: A structural analysis of Praise Expressions in Donald Trump's Speech during His 2025 Visit to Saudi Arabia
items: The role of social media in enhancing the political participation of the electronic public opinion: A survey study of the case of the Iraqi parliamentary elections 2025
items: The Extent of Geography Teachers' Awareness of the Dimensions of Sustainable Development
items: The Effect of Electronic Learning Strategies on the Achievement of First Intermediate Grade Female Students in Arabic Grammar
items: The impact of the (SSCS) model on mathematics achievement among third-grade middle school students and their formal thinking
items: Strategy of the cloak of the expert and its Impact on the acquisition of scientific concepts in the science of students in the fifth grade primary
items: Academic Communication Competence among Graduate Students
items: doublethink systematic Its relationship to academic resilience among University Students
items: Positive social behavior and its relation to personal lifestyle among university students
items: The academic resilience of students at the Open Educational College
items: The impact of human insecurity on human development in Iraq
items: Diseases Affecting Livestock in Al-Shuhaymiyah Sub-Districtfor the Year (2023–2024)
items: Geographical analysis of food waste in Daquq city and its relationship to household characteristics in 2024
items: Purging the Government Apparatus in Iraq 1958-1963: A Historical Study of it’s Legislative Process.
items: Fukuyama's opinion about the end of history and its evidence to show
items: Carmen Maury: Between the illusion of loyalty to the Nazi regime and the reality of personal ambition (A study of its espionage activity 1906-1947)
items: Al-Hassan bin Muhammad bin Abdus(his life and poetry) Collecting,documenting and studyin.
items: The poetics of news in the Diwani letters in the fourth century AH: Al-Sabi’s letters as a model
items: The Position Of Woman From the Perspective Of Man In The Light Of the Holy Qur’an
items: Contemporary psychological problems of students of the College of Basic Education And its relationship to some variables
items: Geographical Analysis of the Unemployment Phenomenon and Its Negative Impacts in Chamchamal District for the Year 2024
items: The Strategic Importance of Iraq’s Location According to Global Geopolitical Theories
items: Urban expansion on agricultural lands and green areas in the city of Tarmiyah for the year (2023)
items: Factors Influencing the Development of Archaeological and Religious Tourism in Samarra

The Spatial Variation of Population in Al-Kut City’s NeighborhoodsUsing Quantitative Classification Methods
type: item
description: This research studies how the number of people living in the neighborhoods of Al-Kut city has changed over time. It compares the number and percentage of people in each neighborhood in the years 1997 and 2023. The study uses statistical analysis to measure the total increase in population and how it changed over the years It also uses a method called logarithmic transformation to divide the neighborhoods into three groups based on how many people live in them: high, medium, and low population density. The results show that the number of neighborhoods increased by about six between 1997 and 2023. Also, the number of neighborhoods with high population density grew from only 4 in 1997 to 16 in 2023. This means that more people are now living in a smaller number of neighborhoods, showing a clear population concentration
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Population, Neighborhoods, Population Density, Population Growth, Logarithmic Transformation.
  topic: keywords
creator: dr. Muna Abdul Ghani Majid Al kazimi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م. د منى عبد الغني مجيد الكاظمي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-10
publication date: 2025-11-10
starting page: 189
ending page: 204
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss1.4442

The Differences in Interpretation of Surah At-Takathur between Sayyid Al-Tabataba'i and Al-Huwaizi(A Descriptive Analytical Study)
type: item
description: This study examines the interpretive differences between two prominent Islamic exegetes: Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai in his work Al-Mizan and Sheikh Abdul Ali Al-Huwaizi in his work Nur Al-Thaqalayn. The focus is on analyzing their respective interpretations of Surat Al-Takathur, highlighting their differing perspectives through a descriptive and analytical approach. Sayyid Tabatabai, recognized for his comprehensive knowledge in various sciences, relies heavily on authentic narrations from the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny) and the infallible Imams (peace be upon them) while balancing between Quranic verses and scholarly opinions. On the other hand, Sheikh Al-Huwaizi's methodology emphasizes a different exegetical approach. This study aims to uncover the distinct viewpoints presented in their interpretations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Surat Al-Takathur, Al-Mizan Exegesis, Nur Al-Thaqalayn Exegesis.
  topic: keywords
creator: Assis. Lect. Hasan Farhan Athab
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م.م. حسن فرحان عذاب البديري https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-11
publication date: 2025-08-11
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol60.Iss1.4415

The Tragic Tendency in the Poems of David Simony
type: item
description: David Shimoni appeared on the scene of Hebrew literature in the first decade of the twentieth century and quickly joined the group of poets of his generation who were contemporary with Bialik, as they became pioneers in modern Hebrew literature. It is known that that era left its mark on all the creators of the generation and their works. Hence, the essence of the problems faced by Jews who were in the diaspora, especially those living in Europe, is diminished by aspiring to a new life in the homeland of their fathers, as they described it, in the East (Palestine). In most of his poems, Shimoni sang about his birthplace and the homeland of his family (Moscow). Likewise, Jerusalem was a large part of those poems, as this writer mixed his homeland in the north and compared it to the homeland of his ancestors “according to his claim” in order for this to be a means of influencing the reader. Stylistically, his poems are characterized by dense language, rich poetic imagery, and a melancholic rhythm, which lends the text a dramatic tone. It is noteworthy that, despite the tragic content, there is an implicit call for reflection and reconciliation with pain as part of the human experience. Shimoni wrote some of his poems that were characterized by sadness, and this reflects the psychological state of the poet. That is why we saw that this topic is worth examining, which is the tragic trend. Since Shimoni has given quite a bit of space. The poet created tragedy from the womb of pastoral chant and from the medium of his lyrical poetry, and mixed the two together to produce extremely beautiful poems that have a great impact on his audience.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: direction, tragedy, poems, David Shimony.
  topic: keywords
creator: dr.Majid Aboud Rahima
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 أ.م مجيد عبود رحيمة https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 625
ending page: 644
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4663

Contemporary Criminal Policy and Its Impact on the Development of Penal Law
type: item
description: Current developments in any country impose a complete review of its legal system in general and the penal system in particular, because the legislation in force may not be consistent with the contemporary stage that followed the previous stage. This development that follows that stage must be in line with the criminal policy adopted by the legislator in the areas of criminalization and punishment to achieve the optimal level of achieving the interest of the group and ensuring that the development keeps pace with the prevailing social values ​​that guarantee the state’s right to impose punishment, protect society from violations, and confront deviations and forms of behavior that disrupt the security and order of society. Therefore, the legislator may find himself facing a major task represented in reviewing all legislation that may conflict with the new conditions. In doing so, he takes legal paths that enable him to amend or abolish the legislation in force to be consistent with a modern criminal policy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: criminal policy, social defense, penal law
  topic: keywords
creator: Ass.lect Mayada Hussein Salman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م.م مياده حسين سلمان العقابي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 607
ending page: 624
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4389

Teaching English Pronunciation through Phonetic Training: A Comparative Study Among English Teacher Trainees at the Open Educational College in Al-Suwaira, Wasit Province, Iraq
type: item
description: This study explores the importance of phonetic training in investigating the effectiveness of improving English pronunciation among teacher trainees at the Open Educational College in Al-Suwaira, Wasit Province. The research seeks to examine the effectiveness of a method of phonetic training to help prospective teachers to improve their abilities to produce speech sounds accurately, taking into account the contrasts between phonetic training and traditional pronunciation teaching. The research was carried out in two phases; pre-test and post-test including 50 EFL learners grouped into two. The participants were tested for correctly pronouncing the difficult consonants of English and clusters of consonants in English that are not present in Arabic (e.g., /p/, /ʒ/, /ŋ/ and /tʃ/). The study had two parts; a pre-test and a post-test were administered to 50 EFL learners in two groups. English Consonants and Consonant Clusters' Production:It would be informative for second language researchers as well to see how participants produce the "hard" English consonants and consonant clusters' selected in the present study (and which are not phonemic in Arabic), such as /p/, /ʒ/, /ŋ/, and /tʃ/. The majority of phoneme errors concerned phonological differences between Arabic and English, prevocalic consonant clusters and damage with consonant clusters, (see pre-test below) most commonly occurring as substitution errors. The accuracy of target pronunciation was considerably enhanced for the post-test after phonetic training.This is testament to the fact that the phonetic training program, which was informed by the use of the IPA for pronunciation instruction and the incorporation of targeted pronunciation exercise in course design, was more effective in obtaining impressive gains in accuracy of problem segments and in eliminating problematic errors than the traditional instruction. The findings of the study may imply that phonetic training offers the opportunity to improve pronunci…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: English Pronunciation , Phonetic Training , Open Educational College.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ass.Lect Nada Shaker Al-Shammari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م.م ندى شاكر الشمري https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 645
ending page: 656
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4560

The Legal Implications of Suspending Cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency: Iran as a Model
type: item
description: This study sheds light on the importance of Iran's cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) within the framework of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). It examines Tehran’s suspension of inspections and the implications of this move for international monitoring mechanisms. The research investigates the extent of Iran’s compliance with its legal obligations by analyzing the IAEA Statute and the oversight powers of the Board of Governors. Furthermore, it assesses the consistency of the suspension decision with the principles of international responsibility and the obligations enshrined in general international law. The study also explores the consequences of the suspension on the implementation of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and the legal response options available to the Agency and its member states. The research concludes by offering recommendations aimed at strengthening the legal framework and ensuring the continuity of transparent nuclear oversight and cooperation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Non-Proliferation Treaty - International Control - Legal Responsibility.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ibrahim Mohsen Jabr
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م. إبراهيم محسن جبر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 587
ending page: 606
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4713

A structural analysis of Praise Expressions in Donald Trump's Speech during His 2025 Visit to Saudi Arabia
type: item
description: In this study, the praising expressions used in Donald Trump's speech during his visit to Saudi Arabia in 2025 are structurally analyzed. With an emphasis on declarative and exclamative sentence types, the study looks at how particular syntactic forms are employed to express political acclaim. The grammatical structure of 26 praise expressions was examined using a qualitative-quantitative methodology. The primary purpose of declarative phrases was to confirm political affiliation and common beliefs, but exclamative forms were employed to convey praise and elicit strong feelings. To show how each type is distributed and what its purpose is, a frequency table was created then the occurrence percentage . The results show that praise functions as a strategic language instrument in political speech, increasing diplomatic relations and influencing public opinion. The study emphasizes how syntactic structure influences political language's expressive aim in addition to stylistic variance
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Praise, exclamative, and declarative sentence
  topic: keywords
creator: Ass.lect Bashar Turki Zayed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م.م بشار تركي زايد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 657
ending page: 666
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4559

The role of social media in enhancing the political participation of the electronic public opinion: A survey study of the case of the Iraqi parliamentary elections 2025
type: item
description: This study explores the role of digital media—particularly social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube—in shaping public opinion and encouraging political participation in Iraq. It focuses on a field study conducted in the cities of Kut, the center of Wasit Governorate, and Ramadi, the center of Salahuddin Governorate. The study is based on 200 questionnaires distributed in both cities, aiming to assess the extent to which these platforms influence users’ political behavior and awareness. The findings indicate that social media provides users with freedom of expression, access to political information, and motivation to engage in public affairs, especially during times of crisis. It also helps reduce political apathy and strengthens digital opposition capable of influencing actual political change. Despite challenges related to the credibility of online content, digital platforms have become vital political tools that promote awareness, participation, and civic discourse in transitional societies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Electronic public opinion, electronic social networking sites, political participation
  topic: keywords
creator: Assi.Lect Mustafa Ali Abdullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م.م مصطفى علي عبد الله https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 563
ending page: 586
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4712

The Extent of Geography Teachers' Awareness of the Dimensions of Sustainable Development
type: item
description: The current research aims to identify the level of knowledge that geography teachers possess regarding the three dimensions of sustainable development: social, economic, and environmental. A questionnaire consisting of 26 items was prepared, with 19 items covering the three dimensions, and was administered to a sample of 100 male and female teachers from various secondary schools in the Karkh and Rusafa directorates in Baghdad Governorate. The study adopted a descriptive analytical approach, and data were analyzed using Excel. A three-point Likert scale was used to determine the level of responses (Disagree, Neutral, Agree). The results revealed that the social and economic dimensions each had two items with a high level of agreement, while the remaining items scored a moderate level. In contrast, the environmental dimension received only one item with a high level of agreement and five items with a moderate level. The overall average for all dimensions indicated that the level of knowledge falls within the "moderate" range. This suggests that teachers have a basic understanding, but it needs further development and deepening, particularly in environmental aspects. The study recommended the need to strengthen the dimensions of sustainable development in the training programs for geography teachers and to effectively integrate them into the school curricula.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sustainable Development, Geography Teachers
  topic: keywords
creator: Ass.Lect Zainab Dawood Salman Hussein
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م.م زينب داود سلمان حسين https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 511
ending page: 526
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4439

The Effect of Electronic Learning Strategies on the Achievement of First Intermediate Grade Female Students in Arabic Grammar
type: item
description: This study aims to investigate the effect of electronic learning strategies on the academic achievement of first intermediate grade female students in Arabic grammar, in light of the increasing trend toward integrating technology into the educational process. The researcher adopted the experimental method using a post-test control group design. The experimental group was taught using electronic learning strategies, while the control group received Usual instruction. A post-achievement test was administered to measure students' learning outcomes. The sample consisted of 60 female students from the first intermediate grade, divided equally into two groups (30 students in each). A balanced achievement test was developed to cover the six cognitive levels, and its validity and reliability were confirmed. After applying the experiment and analyzing the data using appropriate statistical tools such as the t-test and F-test, the results revealed statistically significant differences in the post-test scores in favor of the experimental group. This indicates the effectiveness of electronic learning strategies in improving students’ achievement in Arabic grammar.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Effect, Electronic Learning Strategies, Achievement, First Intermediate Grade.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ass.Lect Bushra Adnan Alwan Awad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م.م بشرى عدنان علوان عواد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 489
ending page: 510
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4615

The impact of the (SSCS) model on mathematics achievement among third-grade middle school students and their formal thinking
type: item
description: The aim of this research was to identify the effect of using the SSCS model on the level of academic achievement and formal thinking among third-grade middle school students. To achieve this goal, the following null hypotheses were formulated: There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of students in the experimental group, who will study the subject according to the SSCS model, and the average scores of students in the control group, who will study the same subject using the traditional method, on the mathematics achievement test. There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of students in the experimental group, who will study the subject according to the SSCS model, and the average scores of students in the control group, who will study the same subject using the traditional method, on the mathematics formal thinking test. The research sample was intentionally selected from Yahya Bin Zaid Secondary School, consisting of (64) third-grade middle school students. Two groups were selected: (32) students for the experimental group and (32) for the control group. To collect information related to the study, two tests were constructed. The first tested achievement levels and contained (31) items, while the second measured formal reasoning skills. It was finalized to include (40) multiple-choice objective questions. Appropriate statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS program. The results showed the following: Students in the experimental group outperformed their counterparts in the control group on the achievement test. 2. Students in the experimental group performed better than students in the control group on the formal reasoning skills test
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: SSCS model, achievement , formal thinking.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Hussam Obaid Abdul Abbas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م.د. حسام عبيد عبد العباس https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 545
ending page: 562
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4871

Strategy of the cloak of the expert and its Impact on the acquisition of scientific concepts in the science of students in the fifth grade primary
type: item
description: Among these strategies is the strategy of the mantle of the expert, which was used by the researchers as an independent variable to show their effect of scientific. The objective of the research was determined by comparing the results of the effect of the expert cloak strategy and the usual method of acquiring scientific concepts in science. The research sample consisted of (64) students distributed equally to the research groups (experimental and control). In order to achieve, the following zero hypothesis. In order to conduct the experiment, the researcher identified 15 main concepts in the first and second chapters of the first unit (living organisms) of the science book, and it has formulated sub-concepts, Behavioral objectives were defined by three levels of conceptualization: discrimination, classification and generalization. The number of students reached (45) a behavioral purpose, and the researchers prepared (11) a teaching plan for each group. The test of the scientific concepts was prepared as a research tool. The test included the acquisition of the three concepts: discrimination, classification and generalization in the form of objective tests. The validity of the test, its stability, its ability to discriminate, the difficulty of its paragraphs and the effectiveness of its alternatives were verified. After the end of the research experiment. The t-test was used for two independent samples as a statistical means to process test application data. The results showed, which was studied using the expert cloak strategy, was superior to the conventional method of acquiring concepts. To a number of conclusions about the results of teaching using the expert cloak strategy and recommendations related to them, and then proposals for the conduct of subsequent studies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mantle of the Expert Strategy,Concept Acquisition in Science
  topic: keywords
creator: Assis. lectu. Naseer Dakhel Sultan
creator: Assis. lectu. Mu'tasim Delfi Salem
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م.م نصير داخل سلطان الزركاني، م.م معتصم دلفي سالم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 527
ending page: 544
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4709

Academic Communication Competence among Graduate Students
type: item
description: The current study aims to identify the level of academic communication competence among graduate students and to determine the significance of differences in academic communication scores according to the variables of specialization and type of study. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher developed a scale consisting of 24 items based on Erickson's (2019) definition of academic communication. The psychometric properties of the scale were extracted; validity indicators were verified through two methods: face validity and construct validity. Reliability coefficients were also calculated, with a test-retest reliability coefficient of 0.94 and a Cronbach's alpha of 0.84, both considered statistically acceptable. The results indicated that graduate students possess a moderate level of academic communication competence. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant difference according to the specialization variable, favoring the humanities, while no significant difference was found concerning the type of study. The study concluded with a set of recommendations and future suggestions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Academic Communication،Students، graduate studies
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr.Ali ENAD ZAMlL
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 أ.م.د علي عناد زامل https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 457
ending page: 472
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4679

doublethink systematic Its relationship to academic resilience among University Students
type: item
description: The present Study aims to identify the degree of doublethink systematic intelligence and academic resilience according to the gender variable, as well as to reveal the relationship between. The current research community was identified as students of Wasit University for the academic year (2023-2024), numbering (25983). The current research (400). After the researcher reviewed the literature and previous studies, she adopted the (alazzi,2018)scale for doubiethink which consists of (30) paragraphs distributed over four areas,nameiy exchanging ideas, hnteiiectual flexibility , and the (alkarkhi,2020 )scale for emotional which consists (30)items distributed across there domains : perseverance, reflection, and adaptaion to seeking help male and female students was relied upon to find stability using the two methods (test and retest, and Cronbach's), and the data were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (Spss) and the results appeared as follows: Wasit university students are characterized by systematic intelligence. There are statistically significant differences in systematic intelligenes among university students according to the gender variable ( males , female ) in favor of males . 3-wasit university are students characterized by academic resilience . 4-There are statistically significant differences in systematic academic resilience university students according to the gender variable ( males , female ) in favor of males . There is asignificant positive correlation between the variables of systemation intelligence and academic resilience university students.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: systematic intelligence. academic resilience. university students.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ass.Lect lbtihal Abed Alsahab Abedalrhman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م.م ابتهال عبد الصاحب عبد الرحمن https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 439
ending page: 456
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4614

Positive social behavior and its relation to personal lifestyle among university students
type: item
description: The current research aims to identify: The level of positive social behavior among university students. The level of personal lifestyles among university students. The statistically significant correlation between positive social behavior and personal lifestyles according to the variables of gender (male, female) and specialization (scientific, humanities) among university students. To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher followed the descriptive approach. The sample size was selected using a stratified random method with proportional distribution. The sample size of the current research amounted to (400) male and female university students. The researcher used tools to measure the research variables, including the Positive Social Behavior Scale (Ali, 2020) and the Personal Lifestyles Scale prepared by (Al-Bashar and Al-Hamidi, 2021). After verifying the validity of the scales' items, they were applied to the target sample. The psychometric properties of the scales were extracted and their items were statistically analyzed using a set of statistical methods, including the t-test for a single sample, the t-test for two independent samples, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. These were statistically processed using the SPSS statistical package. The researcher reached the following results: 1- Some students engage in harsh behaviors that conflict with ethical principles and values. 2- The level of personal lifestyles is lower compared to the level of the society to which they belong. 3-There is an inverse correlation between positive social behavior and personal lifestyles among university students. 4-There are no differences between the research variables (positive social behavior and personal lifestyles) according to gender (male, female) and specialization (scientific, humanities).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: positive social behavior, personal lifestyles, university students
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Hasan Falah Hasan Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م.د حسن فلاح حسن https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 415
ending page: 438
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4726

The academic resilience of students at the Open Educational College
type: item
description: The present study aimed to identify the level of academic hardiness among students at the Open Educational College in the Karbala Center. It also sought to examine whether there were statistically significant differences in the level of academic hardiness attributable to gender (male/female) and academic specialization (scientific/humanities).The study sample consisted of 278 male and female students for the academic year 2024–2025, selected from the total population of 961 students enrolled at the Open Educational College. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher translated the Academic Hardiness Scale developed by Creed et al. (2013), ensuring its validity and reliability. Using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), the analysis revealed that the students exhibited a high level of academic hardiness. Furthermore, the results indicated no statistically significant differences in academic hardiness based on gender. However, there were statistically significant differences in academic hardiness related to academic specialization, favoring students in scientific disciplines.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Academic Hardiness, Students of the Open Educational College
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Ali Karim Abdul-Atbi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م.د. علي كريم عبد العتبي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 397
ending page: 414
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4466

The impact of human insecurity on human development in Iraq
type: item
description: The study addresses the concept of human development, its characteristics and features, such as productivity, fairness, equality, empowerment, and sustainability, and how these features are closely linked to human security. It indicates that any decline in development levels affects, in one way or another, the human security of the individual or group. The research demonstrated that human development seeks to achieve the security of individuals living within the state to meet the needs of current and future generations, as well as to strive to achieve sustainable human development. It highlighted the most significant problems of insecurity, including inadequate health and educational levels, poverty, destitution, and unemployment, all of which contribute to a decline in development levels. The researcher adopts the descriptive approach in his study to reach the desired results. The study highlights the importance of achieving sustainable human development and warned about the risks associated with losing human security and its effects on society. The research reached several conclusions and recommendations, including: Human security is of extreme importance in achieving stability and well-being for society. For human development to be sustainable and effectively meet the needs of current and future generations, it must be characterized by fairness, equality, continuity, empowerment, and productivity. It is necessary for relevant authorities to develop the necessary plans and programs to provide human security, as it is necessary to activate legislation that requires the individuals to enjoy a high level of education, health, and income to achieve personal security and development for the individual.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: human security, sustainable development, human development, unemployment, poverty, community well-being
  topic: keywords
creator: Assi. Lect: Hayder Jawad Kadhum
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م.م حيدر جواد كاظم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 327
ending page: 342
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4673

Diseases Affecting Livestock in Al-Shuhaymiyah Sub-Districtfor the Year (2023–2024)
type: item
description: The research aims to identify the diseases affecting livestock in the Al-Shuhaymiyah sub-district based on agricultural districts. Al-Shuhaymiyah possesses a large livestock population, estimated at around 34,603 heads, distributed among cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats. The role of labor and experience in animal husbandry plays a significant part in explaining the spatial variation in livestock numbers between one district and another for the year 2023–2024. In addition, the size of the agricultural areas across different parts of the study region also plays a role, Despite the large number of livestock, the diseases affecting them result in reduced production of milk and meat, and in some cases, lead to animal deaths, which negatively impacts livestock numbers in the Al-Shuhaymiyah sub-district. This is despite the availability of large areas suitable for growing fodder crops such as alfalfa, clover, and mixed feeds, As for the key findings of the research, the total number of recorded disease cases reached 10,516. Among them, miscellaneous diseases had the highest incidence with 4,035 cases, while fungal diseases had the lowest, with 874 cases. The study also concluded that some diseases, such as hemorrhagic fever, cannot be controlled and may result in the death of the infected animal.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Livestock animals, Animal diseases, Agricultural districts, Agricultural area
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. emad Jabir Aflouk Al-Quraishi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م . د عماد جابر عفلوك القريشي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 279
ending page: 296
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4606

Geographical analysis of food waste in Daquq city and its relationship to household characteristics in 2024
type: item
description: Food waste is one of the most important problems that most countries in the world suffer from, especially developing countries, which leads to negative results in the economic, social and political fields. This study dealt with the spatial analysis of the phenomenon of food waste in the city of Daquq for the year 2024, a study in population geography. The study aims to know the volume of weekly, monthly and annual food waste in the city of Daquq and to show its geographical distribution at the neighborhood level in the city and to study demographic variables and their relationship to family characteristics. Therefore, countries are interested in food security and sustainability in order to create a safe and stable environment that the population enjoys. Among the phenomena that are widespread in our Iraqi society in general and the society of the study area in particular for the year 2024 is food waste and extravagance, which affects human development and food sustainability. Therefore, three main types of food (bread, rice and cooking oil) were studied in the study area, where the total waste in it reached (202.9), where rice came in first place, reaching (99.1), then bread (76.3), and then cooking oil (27.4). The research was divided into three. The first section includes the theoretical framework of the research, the second section includes waste (bread, rice, and cooking oil), and the third section includes waste and its relationship to family characteristics, as well as statistical analysis.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Geographic analysis,waste,food,household characteristics,
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Muhand Mohammed Hamid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 أ.م.د. مهند محمد حميد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 297
ending page: 314
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4658

Purging the Government Apparatus in Iraq 1958-1963: A Historical Study of it’s Legislative Process.
type: item
description: The policy of purging the government apparatus was one of the first steps of the July 14, 1958 Revolution, in the administrative aspect, to establish the principles of integrity. Therefore, it was necessary to address the issue due to its importance, given that Iraqis have been practicing civil service since the Ottoman and British eras. The study aimed to reduce corruption, including bribery and favoritism, eliminate dishonest elements, and develop a sense of national responsibility through efficient and dedicated work. Legislative purification procedures began with the issuance of Law No. (20) of 1931 on the Discipline of State Employees, to remove corrupt employees; Law No. (36) of 1936 on Discipline, which adopted the principle of gradual punishment; and Law No. (66) of 1956 on the Coordination of the Government Apparatus, to remove those proven to have misconduct. Despite the measures taken during the royal era, the results were negative, due to political reasons and the increasing number of unqualified employees, until the outbreak of the July 14 Revolution, which gave importance to the issue and enacted a law entitled "Purification." Governmental apparatus No. (2) of 1958 AD, to get rid of the weak elements that controlled administrative positions as a result of corruption, the republican era was crowned by dispensing with the services of some state employees, especially those who followed the previous administration without taking into account the experience possessed by these employees. The law went through four amendments in accordance with the requirements of the administrative and political stage. Therefore, the purification of the government apparatus was accompanied by major harbingers as a result of the work of the purification committees in the ministries and departments that worked according to personal and partisan interests, and the emergence of the military governor’s department as the highest authority in the country due to the prevalence of mar…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Corruption, employees, bribery, government purge, purge law
  topic: keywords
creator: lect. Rahman Mukhelif Jheo Abboud
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م . رحمن مخيلف جحيو عبود https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 209
ending page: 226
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4412

Fukuyama's opinion about the end of history and its evidence to show
type: item
description: The philosophy of history has held significant importance among historical and social sciences, as it plays a guiding and directing role in shaping the foundational knowledge in philosophical and ideological systems that contribute to outlining strategic, political, and economic projects. Europe has been considered a case since the emergence of the philosophy of Aryan supremacy leading up to modern America. Despite this, the Islamic nation, with its diverse national components, remains unaware of all this, until the actual value of the philosophy of history and its significant impact in providing the ability to delineate suitable social and political systems emerges, which leads to providing opportunities to take the initiative in planning for a civilizational resurgence that changes the nation’s reality for the better. Hence, this study is based on the claim that the product of Islamic thought in the philosophy of history represents a rich intellectual treasure on the distinctive historical level, as it also has a variety of perspectives while always retaining its identity. It is a treasure of clear authenticity drawn initially from the inspiration of the Quran, and then the awareness of historical experiences and the development of methods among Muslims. The notion of "the end of history" is not a product of the modern era but is as ancient as humanity itself. The first human, from an anthropological perspective, believed in the idea of the end of the world associated with history; the end for him did not exceed a day or a month but was ideologically linked to the sorcerer and the astrologer. Prophecy played a prominent role in shaping this idea, namely - the end of history and the last human - which was proposed by the American philosopher of Japanese descent Francis Fukuyama, where Fukuyama presents his fundamental theory that liberal democracy with its values of freedom, individuality, equality, popular sovereignty, and principles of economic liberalism shapes …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Fukuyama-End of History-End of Man-Philosophy of History-Historical Conflicts-Modern Democrats
  topic: keywords
creator: Rese. Mona Shaker Abbas
creator: Dr. Seyed Mohammad Reza Hosseini Nia
creator: Dr. Abdoljabar Zarkoush Nasab
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 منى شاكر عباس، د. سيد محمد رضا حسيني نيا ، د. عبد الجبار زركوش نسب https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 251
ending page: 260
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4325

Carmen Maury: Between the illusion of loyalty to the Nazi regime and the reality of personal ambition (A study of its espionage activity 1906-1947)
type: item
description: The spy Carmen Mori from the characters controversial some researchers classify her as an example of duality and contradiction due to her life story. She is thorny, cunning, intelligent, charismatic and has an overwhelming presence. Carmen Mori's travels across Europe and her mastery of several languages enabled her to work as an espionage agent for the Gestapo in Germany. The experiences she lived and the various situations she encountered also shaped and changed her personality, particularly during her time in Ravensbürk, ending with her dramatic trial and appearance in a fur coat, making her look like a movie actress rather than someone accused of brutal crimes. This prompted the researcher to start from this problematic and attempt to answer the central question: "Was Carmen Mori convinced and willing to serve the Nazi regime through her work as an espionage agent for the Gestapo, or did her desires, personal ambition, and love of adventure play a role in determining her choice to serve the Nazi regime?" Carmen Mori found her calling and someone who embraced her aspirations and desire for adventure and social advancement in the Gestapo, especially after her disappointment at not being able to achieve her dream of singing. The operation became a mutual benefit for both parties. It is worth noting that she enjoyed espionage operations, not because she believed in Nazi ideology, especially since she was of Swiss origin, but because through these missions she enjoyed money, power and influence. The years Carmen spent in prisons in France after spying on the Maginot Line, then in Germany after the fall of France at the hands of German forces, ending with years of solitary confinement in the infamous Ravensbrück camp, may have played a major role in influencing her behavior, which many considered brutal, deserving of harsh titles despite her justifications in court that she was acting this way to stay alive. Certainly, circumstances can play a role in influencing huma…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Carmen Mori, espionage, Ravensbürk camp, World War II, Nazi regime.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Ghada Faeq Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م.د.غادة فائق محمد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 193
ending page: 208
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4674

Al-Hassan bin Muhammad bin Abdus(his life and poetry) Collecting,documenting and studyin.
type: item
description: Abbasid poetry is a live record For Arab heritage, the importance of poetry appears in the recording and documentation of Arab values, historical events, various situations, and their transfer to subsequent generations, and poetry in general represents a part From the identity of the Arab nation, it is the Diwan of the Arabs and on this basis. .Among her poets is the son of Abdus, and he was a lot of travel, and he left for Mosul, Baghdad and Damascus, and this research is a modest attempt to highlight and document what the old sources mentioned about The life of this poet, and an attempt to collect his poetry from these sources. The research divided into two parts: the first section of the poet’s life, his attributes and morals, his prayers with the flags of his time, his culture and his position Poetic and the opinions of the ancients in it, and his death, and the talk was about the topics of his poetry and his artistic characteristics. The sources remember his office, and the research concluded with the most prominent results.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ibn Abdus, his life, his poetry, collection, documentation, study .
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Wisal Qassem Ghobash
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 أ.م.د. وصال قاسم غباش https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 133
ending page: 148
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4590

The poetics of news in the Diwani letters in the fourth century AH: Al-Sabi’s letters as a model
type: item
description: The letters of Abu ishaq Al-Sapi represent an exemplary model of Arabic prose in the 4th century AH where he succwssfully transformed historical and administrative reports into literary texts characterized by poeticism and eloquence. AL –Sabi employed diverse stylistic techniques such as narrative storytelling, linguistic deviations infusing his texts with an aesthetic and rhythmic quality akin to poetry. He also drew upon Arabic-Islamic heritage-including the Quran, proverbs, and poetry- to reinforce the political discourses legitimacy and psychological impact. His letters skillfully utilized rhetorical devices and repetition, enhancing persuasion and emotional engagement, particularly amonq rulers and ministers. Thus, his correspondence transcended mere informational function to become a literary art that combined entertainment and persuasion, establishinq a model for studying the rhetoric of classical Arabic prose and its influence on shaping political and literary discourse.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: The Diwan Letters, Poetic News, Abu Ishaq Al-Sabi
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Hamid Hashim Dhabih Al-Taie
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م.د حامد هاشم ذبيح الطائي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 43
ending page: 54
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4676

The Position Of Woman From the Perspective Of Man In The Light Of the Holy Qur’an
type: item
description: This research addresses The Position of Woman from the Perspective of Man in the Light of the Holy Qur’an, aiming to uncover Qur’anic standards that transcend human perceptions and man-made criteria in evaluating women. It traced the transformation of women’s status from marginalization to honor. It adopted the inductive-analytical methodology, analyzing Qur’anic verses related to the woman-man relationship in light of exegetical interpretations, connecting them to historical and social contexts. What distinguished this research, that its avoidance of the commonly discussed rights and duties, instead focusing on the value-based structure of the Qur’anic discourse. It cited examples of both believing and disbelieving women to demonstrate that the Qur’an's criterion of dignity is piety and righteous action, not lineage or proximity to men.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Woman, Man, Position, Qur’anic Verses.
  topic: keywords
creator: Assi.Lect Iman Abdullah Kareem
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م.م إيمان عبد الله كريم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 1
ending page: 18
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4598

Contemporary psychological problems of students of the College of Basic Education And its relationship to some variables
type: item
description: Psychological problems have a negative impact on various aspects of daily life.The study aims to determine the level of psychological problems among students in this college. Additionally, it examines whether there are differences in psychological problems based on certain variables, such as students’ specialties (Humanities versus Sciences), gender (male and female), and academic stage (second and fourth years). Two hundred and twenty-nine students from eight different departments within the College of Basic Education participated in the current study. To measure psychological problems a questionnaire was prepared by the researchers after assessing various psychometric properties, including validity and reliability. A satisfactory Cronbach’s alpha of 0.76 and a split-half reliability coefficient of 0.72 were obtained respectively. The normality of the data was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, which indicated no significant deviations from normality (p-value for the Kolmogorov test > 0.05). Descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations), one-sample t-tests, and independent sample t-tests were utilized for data analysis. The findings revealed that students in the College of Basic Education exhibited a low level of psychological problems. Notably, there were no statistically significant differences in psychological problems based on students’ specialties and gender. However, a statistically significant difference was found based on academic stage, suggesting that students in the fourth-year experience more psychological problems than those in the second year. In the light of these findings, several recommendations and suggestions were highlighted.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Contemporary psychological problems, under graduate stage, treatment of psychological problems, subconscious tricks, unconscious mechanisms
  topic: keywords
creator: lect. Khoshi Latif Taha
creator: Asst. Prof. Dr. Wafaa Mohammed Hussein Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م. خوشي لطيف طه، أ.م.د. وفاء محمد حسين احمد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 473
ending page: 488
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4503

Geographical Analysis of the Unemployment Phenomenon and Its Negative Impacts in Chamchamal District for the Year 2024
type: item
description: Unemployment is considered one of the most pressing and dangerous issues affecting many countries around the world, including Iraq. This phenomenon has significant negative consequences on economic, social, and political levels. This study presents a geographical analysis of the unemployment phenomenon in Chamchamal District for the year 2024. The research aims to identify the scale and rates of unemployment, the percentage of the population that is unemployed in the district, and the key contributing factors and underlying causes. Additionally, it seeks to highlight the most significant consequences resulting from unemployment. The study adopts both descriptive and analytical methodologies, focusing on the spatial relationships of population-related phenomena and identifying the influential factors. The statistical software SPSS v23 was utilized to obtain accurate results related to the phenomenon under investigation and to determine its spatial distribution. Furthermore, ArcGIS 10.7.1 was employed to represent visually the phenomenon in all its forms with high precision. The findings reveal a notable rise in the number of unemployed individuals in the district in 2024, reaching a total of 8,257 individuals. Chamchamal Center ranked first in terms of unemployment numbers, with 3,210 unemployed individuals, while Takya Jabari sub-district ranked last with 107 unemployed individuals. The research concludes that unemployment has various causes and consequences, including political, economic, social, and other contributing factors. Unemployment leaves a wide range of impacts on society—economic, social, and political—and directly affects individuals and their families, often leading to crimes such as theft, murder, and other forms of violence. The study concludes with a set of key findings and recommendations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Population, Unemployment, Demographics, Housing, Crude Unemployment Rate)
  topic: keywords
creator: Lect. Hussein Sardar Muhammad Ali Ahmad (Ph. D.)
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م. د. حسين سردار محمد علي أحمد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 375
ending page: 396
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4616

The Strategic Importance of Iraq’s Location According to Global Geopolitical Theories
type: item
description: Iraq’s geographical location has been one of the most prominent factors granting it advanced strategic importance throughout the ages, due to its position at the heart of the ancient world and its connection to vital commercial, economic, and political axes. This research analyzes the strategic significance of Iraq based on global geopolitical theories such as the Heartland Theory (Halford Mackinder), the Sea Power Theory (Alfred Mahan), and other relevant theories. The study also explores how these theories explain the regional and international competition over Iraq and illustrates how its geographic position has historically attracted major global powers, continuing into the modern era. Furthermore, the research highlights Iraq’s role as a crossroads between East and West, a central hub for trade and energy transit routes, and a key player in shaping regional balances. The study concludes that, despite existing challenges, Iraq possesses geopolitical advantages that, if effectively utilized, can enable it to play a pivotal role in shaping both regional and international systems
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: The strategic importance, the location of Iraq, geopolitical theories
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Jaafar Sadiq Hadi Al-Aaraji
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م.د جعفر صادق هادي راضي الأعرجي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 357
ending page: 374
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4596

Urban expansion on agricultural lands and green areas in the city of Tarmiyah for the year (2023)
type: item
description: This study addressed the phenomenon of urban expansion on agricultural lands and green areas in the city of Tarmia and its negative economic and even environmental impacts in this city. This study aims to identify the economic and environmental impacts resulting from the random agricultural expansion in the city of Tarmia. This research concluded that urban expansion on agricultural lands in the city of Tarmia occurred due to population growth and rising real estate prices. There are no serious and clear solutions to address the crisis of the increasing number of residents in this city, which has led most citizens to buy cheap agricultural plots of land and also to encroach on green areas and build houses randomly. This is due to the lack of follow-up from planning agencies from the municipal council, and most of these lands are owned by the Ministry of Agriculture. The researcher suggests that there be strict penalties for those who encroach on agricultural lands and green areas. There must be continuous monitoring and guidance to build in areas suitable for housing and not to affect agricultural lands and green areas.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: urban expansion, agricultural land, green areas, In the city of Tarmiyah
  topic: keywords
creator: Assis. Lect. Hayder Abbas Azeez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م.م. حيدر عباس عزيز محمود https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 315
ending page: 326
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4609

Factors Influencing the Development of Archaeological and Religious Tourism in Samarra
type: item
description: This research examines "the factors contributing to the development of archaeological and religious tourism and their impact on enhancing tourism activity in Samarra," by analyzing the most prominent determinants affecting the reality of religious and archaeological tourism in the city. It seeks to identify the challenges and available potential, and to determine the roles of official bodies, the local community, and tourism and religious institutions in supporting the tourism sector. The research relied on a descriptive and analytical approach, employing tools such as interviews with stakeholders and analysis of official documents and academic sources. It concluded that there are key factors controlling the course of tourism development, most notably: infrastructure, the security environment, tourism marketing, and community awareness. The research proposes a set of recommendations that would contribute to revitalizing archaeological and religious tourism in Samarra, if implemented in a thoughtful and integrated manner.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Archaeological Tourism, Religious Tourism, Samarra, Tourism Development, Historical Sites, Tourism Activity, Contributing Factors.
  topic: keywords
creator: Asst.Lecte.sabah shukur mahmood
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 م.م صباح شكر محمود https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 343
ending page: 356
doi: 10.31185/eduj.Vol61.Iss2.4549