IRAQI EFL UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ AWARENESS AND USE OF COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31185/eduj.Vol49.Iss3.3387Keywords:
Awareness, communicative competence, communication strategies , Tarone’s taxonomy, t.testAbstract
The study of communication strategy has become a central trait of English language studies in case of teaching and learning. The present study aims at investigating different communication strategies the Iraqi EFL university students’ employ and determining the relationship between the Iraqi students’ proficiency level and their communication strategies use. To achieve the aims of the study, a sample of sixty learners (30 male and 30 female) are selected from the English department during the academic year 2021-2022. This sample is exposed to the instruments of the study which take the forms of checklists and a questionnaire. The obtained results show that Iraqi EFL college students are mostly unaware of communication strategies, and they do not use them when encountering any problems in their communication.
Downloads
References
Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., & Razavieh, A. (2002). Introduction to research in education (6thEd.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
Bachman, L. & Palmer, A. (1996). Language Testing in Practice.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ben-Peretz, M. (2011). Teacher knowledge: What is it? How do we uncover it? What are its implications for schooling? Teaching and Teacher Education, 27(1),3–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2010.07.015
Bialystok, E. (1990) Communication Strategies: A Psychological Analysis of Second Language Use. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Bialystok, Ellen & Frohlich, Maria. (1980). Oral Communication Strategies for Lexical Difficulties. Interlanguage Studies Bulletin.
Bongaerts, T. & Poulisse , N. (1989). Communication strategies in L1 and L2: Same or different? Applied Linguistics, 10, 253- 268.
Canale, M. & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communication approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1, 1-47.
Canale, M. (1983). From communicative competence to communicative language pedagogy. In J. C. Richards, & R. W. Schmidt (Eds.), Language and communication (pp. 2-27). Harlow, UK: Longman.
Celce-Murcia, M., Dörnyei, Z., & Thurrell, S. (1995). Communicative Competence: A Pedagogically Motivated Model with Content Specifications. Issues in Applied Linguistics 6(2): 5–35
Chuanchaisit, S., & Prapphal, K. (2009). A Study of English Communication Strategies of Thai University Students. MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities, 17, 100-126.
Corder, S. P. (1983). Strategies of communication. In C. Faerch, & G. Kasper, (Eds.), Strategies in interlanguage communication (pp. 15-19). New York: Longman.
Creswell, J. W., Hanson, W. E., Clark Plano, V. L., & Morales, A. (2007). Qualitative Research Designs: Selection and Implementation. The Counseling Psychologist, 35, 236-264. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006287390
Dörnyei, Z. & Scott, M. (1997). Review article: communication strategies in a second language: definitions and taxonomies. Language Learning, 47(1), 173-210.
Dörnyei, Z., and Scott, M.L. 1997. Communication strategies in a second language: definitions and taxonomies. Language learning, 47 (1), 173-210.
Faerch, C. & Kasper, G. (1983). Plans and strategies in interlanguage communication. In C. Faerch & G. Kasper (Eds.), Strategies in Interlanguage Communication. New York: Longman, 20-60.
Fedderholdt, K. (1997). Using Diaries to Develop Language Learning Strategies. Available at http://jaltpublications.org/ old_tlt/files/98/apr/ fedderholdt.html.
Fernández Dobao, A. M. 2001. Communication strategies in the interlanguage of Galician students of English: The influence of learner-and task-related factors. Atlantis 23 (1), 41-62.
Fernández Dobao, A.M. 2002. The effect of language proficiency on communication strategy use: A case study of Galician learners of English. Miscelánea. A Journal of English and American Studies. 25, 41-61.
Fernández Dobao, A.M. 2004. The Use of Communication Strategies by Spanish Learners of English. A study of the Collaborative Creation of Meaning, Language, and Linguistic Knowledge. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Fernández Dobao, A.M., and Palacios Martínez, I.M. 2007. Negotiating meaning in interaction between English and Spanish speakers via communication strategies. Atlantis, 29 (1), 87-105.
Fulcher, G. (2003). Testing second language speaking. Harlow: Longman/Pearson Education.
Gebhard, J.(2009). Teaching English as a Foreign or Second Language. USA: University of Michigan.
Hua, T. K. & Nor, F. & Jaradat, M.N.. (2012). Communication Strategies Among EFL Students -An Examination Of Frequency Of Use And Types Of Strategies Used. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies. 12. 831-848.
Hyde, J. 1982. The identification of communication strategies in the interlanguage of Spanish learners of English. Anglo-American Studies, 2 (1), 13-30.
Kellerman, E. (1991). Compensatory strategies in second language research: A critique, a revision, and some implications for the classroom. In R. Phillipson, E. Kellerman, L. Selinker, M. Sharwood Smith, & M. Swain (Eds.), Foreign/second language pedagogy research (pp. 142-161). Multilingual Matters, Clevedon: UK. Knapp.
Keshavarz , M . H . ( 2012 ) . Contrastive Analysis and Error Analysis . Tehran : Rahnama press.
Khalil, E. R. (2018). The Effect of Speaking Strategies on Iraqi EFL College Students. Journal of College of Education for Human Sciences. Vol. 29 (3), pp. 1500-1513.
Lafford, R. 2004. The effect of the context of learning on the use of communication strategies by learners of Spanish as a second language. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26, 201-225.
Littlemore, J. 2003. The communicative effectiveness of different types of communication strategies. System, 31, 331-347.
Nakatani, Y. (2010). Identify strategies that facilitate EFL learners’ oral communication: A classroom study using multiple data collection procedures. The Modern Language Journal, 94, 116-136.
Nakatani, Y. (2012). Exploring the Implementation of the CEFR in Asian Contexts: Focus on Communication Strategies. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46 ( 2012 ) 771 – 775.
O’Malley, J. M., & Chamot, A. U. (1990). Learning strategies in second language acquisition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Oxford, R.L., 1990: Language Learning Strategies: What Every Teacher Should Know. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.
Paribakht, T. (1984). The relationship between the use of communication strategies and aspects of target language proficiencies - a study of ESL students. B-137. Quebec: International Centre for Research on Bilingualism.
Petty, N., Thomson, O., & Stew, G. (2012). Ready for a paradigm shift? Part 2: Introducing qualitative research methodologies and methods. Manual Therapy, 17(5), 376-384.
Poulisse, N., and Schils, E. 1989. The influence of task- and proficiency-related factors on the use of compensatory strategies: a quantitative analysis. Language learning, 39, 15-47.
Prebianca, Gicele V Vieira, 2009. Communication strategies and proficiency levels in L2 speech production: a systematic relationship. Rev. Est. Ling., Belo Horizonte, 17 (1), 7-50. Retrieved from: http://www.diaadiaeducacao.pr.gov.br/diaadia/diadia/arquivos/File/conteudo/artigos_teses/In gles/prebianca.pdf.
Purpura, James E. (1990). Communication Strategies: A Psychological Analysis of Second Language Use. Journal Issues in Applied Linguistics, 3(2) ISSN 1050-4273
Rababah, G., and Bulut, D. 2007. Compensatory strategies in Arabic as a second language. Poznán Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 43 (2), 83-106.
Rababah, G., and Bulut, D. 2007. Compensatory strategies in Arabic as a second language. Poznán Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 43 (2), 83-106.
Rababah, G., and Seedhouse, P. 2004. Communication strategies and message transmission with Arab learners of English in Jordan. Retrieved from:
http://research.ncl.ac.uk/ARECLS/vol1_documents/Ghaleb&Seedhouse/Ghaleb&Seedhouse. Htm
Rababah, G., and Seedhouse, P. 2004. Communication strategies and message transmission with Arab learners of English in Jordan. Retrieved from: http://research.ncl.ac.uk/ARECLS/vol1_documents/Ghaleb&Seedhouse/Ghaleb&Seedhouse. htm
Razmjoo, S. and Ardeleani , S. (2011). A Model of Speaking Strategies for EFL Learners. Teaching Language Skills, 3.
Rosas-Maldonado, M. (2017). Use of communication strategies in an interactional context: The interlocutor influence. Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 53(4), 563-592. https://doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2017-0021
Safont Jordá, M.P. (2001). An Analysis on the Use and Selection of Communication Strategies by Catalan/Castilian Learners of English. Rassegna Italiana di Linguistica Applicata, 1 (1), 57-72.
Saif, S. (2002). A needs-based approach to the evaluation of the spoken language ability of the International Teaching Assistants. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics (RCLA),5 (1). 145-167.
Sato, T., Yujobo, J. Y., Okada, T., & Ogane, E. (2019). Communication strategies employed by low-proficiency users: Possibilities for ELF-informed pedagogy. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca, Volume 8, Number 1, 8 June 2019, pp. 9-35(27).
Sato, T., Yujobo, Y., Okada, T., et al. (2019). Communication strategies employed by low-proficiency users: Possibilities for ELF-informed pedagogy . Journal of English as a Lingua Franca, 8(1), pp. 9-35. Retrieved 15 Dec. 2019, from doi:10.1515/jelf-2019-2003
Selinker, L. (1972). Interlanguage. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 10, 209–231.
Sidik, E. J. (2018). Representation of Communicative Competence in English Language Textbooks in Indonesia. Script Journal: Journal of Linguistic and English Teaching, 3(2), 92-110. https://doi.org/10.24903/sj.v3i2.201
Surapa, S. & Channarong, I. (2011). Strategies for coping with face-to-face oral communication problems employed by Thai university students majoring in English. Gema OnlineTM Journal of Language Studies, 11(3), 83-96.
Sutthinaraphan, K. & Wasanasomsithi, P. (2017).A Study of English Communication Strategy Use of Undergraduate Students Majoring in Science. The New English Teacher , NET, Vol 11, No 2, pp. 98-117.
Tarone, E. & Yule, G. (1989). Focus on the language learner. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tarone, E. (1977). Conscious Communication Strategies in Interlanguage: A Progress Report, in Brown, H. Douglas, Yorio, Carlos A. and Crymes, Ruth H. (Eds.). On TESOL’77 teaching and learning English as a second language’ Trends in resource and practice, 194-201.
Tarone, E. (1980). Communication strategies, foreign talk, and repair in interlanguage. Language Learning, 30, 417-431.
Tarone, E. (1984). Teaching strategic competence in the foreign language classroom. In Savignon, S.J. & Berns, M.S. (Eds.). Initiatives in communicative language teaching. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 127-137.
Tuan, Vu Van, (2017). Communicative Competence of the Fourth Year Students: Basis for Proposed English Language Program. English Language Teaching. 10. 104. 10.5539/elt.v10n7p104.
Ugla, Raed. (2015). Study of the Communication Strategies Used by Iraqi EFL Students. 10.13140/RG.2.1.1824.8167.
VanPatten, B. and Benati, A. G. (2015). Key Terms in Second Language Acquisition. 2nd ed. LONDON • OXFORD • NEW YORK • NEW DELHI • SYDNEY: Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
Varadi, T, (1973). Strategies of target language learning communication. Paper presented at the VI Conference of the Romanian-English Linguistics Project in Timisoara.
Varadi, T. (1980). Strategies of target language learner communication: message adjustment. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 18, 59-71. Varadi
Williams, J, Inscoe, R., and Tasker, T. 1997. Communication strategies in an interactional context: the mutual achievement of comprehension. In Communication Strategies, Psycholinguistic and Sociolinguistic Perspectives, eds., G. Kasper and E. Kellerman. London & New York: Longman.
Appendix (1)
The purpose of our study is to investigate Iraqi EFL learners' Awareness and Use of CSs. To probe into this matter, the researchers have decided to interview English language learners to know your ideas in this regard. If you do not have any question, we can start with the interview.
Warm up:
Would you please introduce yourself?
a. Name and age
b. kind of hobbies you have
c. How many hours do you study per day?
d. what is your preferable subject material ? Main questions:
Do you face any difficulty in communication in English ?If you face what are these difficulties ? (4)
If you talk and forget or miss a vocabulary or a grammatical structures what will you do ?(3)
Have you ever had stopped talking or communicating due to limited linguistic resources or limited in time ?(2)
Do you know the communication strategies ?what do they mean? (1)
Do you use communication devices to keep communication ?(3)
Do you use your native language if you face any problem or gap in or during communication?(1)
Do you ask the hearer to help you to remember or give assistance to continue talking? (1)
Have you ever avoid a topic or a talk about something you don’t know?(2)
If you need a grammatical structures or a vocabulary , do you use explanations or descriptions instead ?(2)
Do use one word for another to keep communication? (3)
Do you use mime if you face any difficulty in communication ?(3)
Can you give examples of strategies you do in communication ?(5)
Appendix (2)
Read the following items found in the following table, then tick (yes) for the CSs you use whenever face a problem in communication and (no) for CSs you do not use:
CSs types Items Yes No
-Paraphrase : Restate the word or the concept
Approximation I use a word from the target language which I know incorrect but it may help sharing the desired meaning
Word coinage I create a new word from my own instead of the correct one
Circumlocution I use the description of the word or the features of the words instead the word itself
-Borrowing : the use of word taken from the native language
Literal translation I translate the word instead of the word itself
Language switch I use a word from my own native language to mean the target one even the hearer doesn’t know it
-Appeal for Assistance I ask the hearer (native speaker ) to give me help for overcoming the gaps by asking him or her clarifying questions
-Mime I use gestures , waving , the body instead of the vocabulary or the words I forget .
-Avoidance : trying to get rid of the topic or the words
Topic avoidance I try to avoid the topic which I have no vocabularies or words that are necessary for the topic to keep talking
Message abandonment I stop in the mid of the talk due to inability to continue and limited words ….
Published
Versions
- 2023-01-27 (2)
- 2023-01-19 (1)
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Faris Kadhim Te'ama
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
