مستقبل الهيمنة الدولارية في ضوء صعود العملات الرقمية للبنوك المركزية (CBDCs)وتوسّع تسويات مجموعة بريكس: نحو نظام نقدي دولي متعدد الأقطاب

أولاً : المصادر والمراجع العربية

1. تقرير الأمانة العامة لجامعة الدول العربية (2023). التكامل الاقتصادي العربي: الواقع والمأمول. القاهرة: جامعة الدول العربية.

2. بنك التسويات الدولية، مركز ابتكار هونغ كونغ (2023). تقرير مشروع mBridge: تقييم الجدوى وآفاق التوسع. هونغ كونغ: BIS Innovation Hub.

3.صندوق النقد العربي (2023). التقرير الاقتصادي العربي الموحد 2023. أبوظبي: صندوق النقد العربي.

4. بنك التسويات الدولية، مركز ابتكار هونغ كونغ (2023). تقرير مشروع mBridge: تقييم الجدوى وآفاق التوسع. هونغ كونغ: BIS Innovation Hub

ثانياً: المراجع الأجنبية

1. Bank for International Settlements (2022). BIS Papers No.136: Gaining Momentum – Results of the 2021 BIS Survey on Central Bank Digital Currencies. Basel: BIS.

2. Bank for International Settlements (2023). Annual Economic Report 2023. Basel: BIS.

3. Bank for International Settlements (2023). Project mBridge: Connecting Economies Through CBDC. BIS Innovation Hub Report. Basel: BIS.

4. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (2022). Money and Payments: The U.S. Dollar in the Digital Age. Washington D.C.: Federal Reserve, January.

5. Bordo, Michael D. (1993). The Bretton Woods International Monetary System: A Historical Overview. In M. Bordo & B. Eichengreen (Eds.), A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

6. BRICS (2023). Johannesburg II Declaration, 15th BRICS Summit, 26 August 2023. Johannesburg: BRICS Secretariat.

7. BRICS (2024). Kazan Declaration, 16th BRICS Summit, 23 October 2024. Kazan: BRICS Secretariat.

8. Benjamin J. Cohen,Currency Power: Understanding Monetary Rivalry, Princeton University Press, 2015

8. Cohen, Benjamin J. (1998). The Geography of Money. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

9. Eichengreen, Barry (2011). Exorbitant Privilege: The Rise and Fall of the Dollar and the Future of the International Monetary System. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

10. Eichengreen, Barry, Mehl, Arnaud & Chitu, Livia (2017). How Global Currencies Work: Past, Present and Future. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

11. Gilpin, Robert (1987). The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

12. International Monetary Fund (2023). Geoeconomic Fragmentation and the Future of Multilateralism. Washington D.C.: IMF Staff Discussion Notes, SDN No.2023/001.

13. International Monetary Fund (2024). Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER). Washington D.C.: IMF, Quarter 3 Report.

14. Kindleberger, Charles P. (1986). The World in Depression 1929-1939. Berkeley: University of California Press.

15. Mastanduno, Michael (2023). Hegemony and the New Economics of Sanctions. International Security. Cambridge: MIT Press, Vol.47, No.4.

16. People's Bank of China (2024). Annual Report 2023. Beijing: PBoC Publications.

17. Prasad, Eswar S. (2021). The Future of Money: How the Digital Revolution is Transforming Currencies and Finance. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

18. Spiro, David E. (1999). The Hidden Hand of American Hegemony: Petrodollar Recycling and International Markets. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

19. Strange, Susan (1988). States and Markets. London: Pinter Publishers.

20. Stuenkel, Oliver (2016). Post-Western World: How Emerging Powers Are Remaking Global Order. Cambridge: Polity Press.

21. Summers, Lawrence H. (2023). The United States Needs a New Economic Agenda. Foreign Affairs. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, Vol.102, No.1, January/February.

22. Triffin, Robert (1960). Gold and the Dollar Crisis. New Haven: Yale University Press.

23. US Department of the Treasury (2023). Major Foreign Holders of Treasury Securities. Washington D.C., Monthly Report, December.