policy towards Haiti 1961-1963 United States of America
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31185/eduj.Vol3.Iss46.2793Keywords:
US policy, HaitiAbstract
Abstract
Haiti was ruled by a totalitarian regime in the sixties of the twentieth century, but the United States of America sought to follow a policy of tolerance with the regime in Haiti because it was strongly anti-communist and reduced the balance of communist Cuba and its influence on Haitian affairs, as the American administration considered Haiti a stronghold against the communist tide. Which began threatening the region in light of the ongoing conflict between it and the Soviet leadership during the Cold War, due to Haiti's proximity to Cuba, and at the same time, Haitian President François Duvalier tried to take advantage of the hostility of the United States of America to Cuban leader Fidel Castro. And exploiting that relationship to exercise his centralized, authoritarian rule over the country because of the United States’ concerns about The expansion of communism in the islands of the Caribbean, which made the US administration not allow its government to exert pressure on the ruling regime in Haiti. Thus, the US policy towards Haiti oscillated between its support for the regime, which it described as dictatorship, and getting rid of it and the establishment of democracy in the country of Haiti. Retaining the government of President Duvalier in Haiti, despite its acknowledgment of the latter's practice of repression against its people.
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-الوثائـــــــــق
F.R.U.S., Letter from Duvalier to Eisenhower. Department of State, 12 Jul. 1960. Declassified Documents Reference System CK3100276169.
F.R.U.S., Memorandum No.365,Prepared in the Department of State, Kennedy Library, National Security Files, Countries Series, Haiti, 1/61-6/62 Secret, The Department of State’s copy of this memorandum indicates that it was drafted by Abbuhl and was based on despatch 304 from Port-au-Prince, January 30. (Department of State, Central Files, 611.38/1-3061) A copy of the despatch was attached to a March 23 covering memorandum from Battle to Dungan. (Ibid., 611.38/3-2361). Washington, March 23, 1961.
F.R.U.S., Telegram No.379, From the Embassy in Haiti to the Department of State, Port-au-Prince, May 8, 1963.
F.R.U.S., Telegram No.378, From the Embassy in Haiti to the Department of State, Port-au-Prince, May 2, 1963.
F.R.U.S.,1961–1963, Vol. XII, American Republics , Memorandum No. 367 for the Record , Washington, May 26, 1961, 9 a.m.
F.R.U.S.,1961–1963, Vol. XII, American Republics , Memorandum No. 377, Summary Record of the 509th National Security Council Meeting, Washington, March 13, 1963, 4:30 pm.
F.R.U.S.,1961–1963, Vol. XII, American Republics, Department of State, Central Files, 738.00/5-2361. Secret; Eyes Only. Drafted by Coerr, cleared by U. Alexis Johnson, and sent via Bowles.
F.R.U.S.,1961–1963, Vol. XII, American Republics, Memorandum From the Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (Coerr) to Secretary of State Rusk ,Washington, May 23, 1961. Our Policy toward Haiti subsequent to President Duvalier’s “Inauguration” May.
F.R.U.S.,1961–1963, Vol. XII, American Republics, Memorandum No. 373 Letter From the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (Martin) to the Ambassador to Haiti (Thruston)1,Washington, August 11, 1962.
F.R.U.S.,1961–1963, Vol. XII, American Republics, Memorandum No.374 Prepared in the Department of State1,Washington, January 21, 1963. HAITI SITUATION AND UNITED STATES POLICY.
F.R.U.S.,1961–1963, Vol. XII, American Republics, Memorandum No.375 Paper Prepared in the Department of State1,Washington, February 20, 1963.HAITI PLAN OF ACTION FROM FEBRUARY 15 TO SEPTEMBER 15, 1963.
F.R.U.S.,1961–1963, Vol. XII, American Republics, Memorandum No.371 From the Executive Secretary of the Department of State (Brubeck) to the President’s Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy)Washington, June 1, 1962.
F.R.U.S.,1961–1963, Vol. XII, American Republics, Memorandum No.372 From the Executive Secretary of the Department of State (Brubeck) to the President’s Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy)1,Washington, August 8, 1962.
F.R.U.S.,1961–1963, Vol. XII, American Republics, Memorandum No.376. Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in the Dominican Republic1,Washington, March 7, 1963, 6:27 p.m.
F.R.U.S.,1961–1963, Vol. XII, American Republics, Telegram No. 368. From Secretary of State Rusk to the Department of State1 Paris, June 2, 1961, 11 a.m , Department of State, Central Files, 738.00/6-261. Secret. Rusk accompanied President Kennedy on a State visit to France May 31-June 3.
F.R.U.S.,1961–1963, Vol. XII, American Republics, Washington National Records Center, RG 330, OASD/ISA Files: FRC 64 A 2382, Haiti, 1961, 000.1—. Secret. Drafted by Maurice J. Mountain, Deputy Director of the Policy Planning Staff, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, on May 29. Copies were sent to Bundy, Rowan, and Captain Ryan at the White House.
F.R.U.S.,1961–1963, Vol. XII, American Republics, Washington National Records Center, RG 330, OASD/ISA Files: FRC 64 A 2382, Haiti, 1961, 000.1—. Secret. Drafted by Maurice J. Mountain, Deputy Director of the Policy Planning Staff, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, on May 29. Copies were sent to Bundy, Rowan, and Captain Ryan at the White House.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume XII, American Republics1961-1963,Telegram from US Embassy in Port-au-Prince (Drew) to Secretary of State (Rusk). Department of State, 31 May 1960, Declassified Documents Reference System CK3100170171.
US response to Duvalier offer to build submarine bases and training camps in Haiti, Department of State cable, 22 Sep. 1959 Declassified Documents Reference System CK3100170170168.
-الموسوعات
Encyclopedia Americana ", VoI.9, Grolier Incorporated , U.S.A., 1988.
Encyclopedia Americana ", VoI.10, Grolier Incorporated , U.S.A., 1988.
-الصحف
The New York Times, 24 June, 1960.
The New York Times, 18 Jul. 1960.
The New York Times, 19 Aug. 1960.
New York Times, Nov. 20, 1991
-شبكة المعلومات الدولية (الانترنت)
www.foia.cia.gov.
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