Sectarian political ideas and movements in the Qajar and Pahlavi eras in Iran

Abstract

The research sheds light on many political and sectarian movements in the Qajar and Pahlavi eras. The British had an effective role in adopting the ideas of those movements, and the goal was to weaken the Islamic religious establishment in order to interfere in the affairs of that country. Therefore, the British sought to spread the ideas of Freemasonry by incorporating those ideas and superstitious beliefs, denying the divine religions, and promoting liberalism, which are the teachings that are given to members of the Masonic lodge.