Coding indicators of transparency, contrast, and congruence in cartography using geographic information systems (GIS)

Abstract

The research includes coding indicators of transparency, contrast, and congruence in cartography to determine how geographic information is represented on maps so that it is easier for users to understand and read. These indicators help improve understanding and interaction with geographic data, and facilitate the decision-making process. There are some examples of these indicators, including transparency, as this relates to the card’s ability to display information clearly and accurately, without distortion or concealment. The map must be designed in such a way that important information is easy to see and read without occupying the display with unnecessary elements. Contrast is the map's ability to clearly distinguish between different geographical information and different elements. For example, different colors or patterns can be used to distinguish between different areas of interest, making the map easier to understand. Congruence: is how correct the map's geographical representation is in relation to reality. Geographic features should be represented on a map with clear accuracy, which helps understand the location and environment in question. Achieving these indicators requires the use of appropriate mapping techniques, such as choosing colors wisely, improving contrast between different elements, and using a variety of fonts and patterns to differentiate different information. The choice of encoding depends on the data type and purpose of the map and should be compatible with the needs of potential users