The punishment of exile in the Kharijite countries in the Islamic Maghreb(140 AH to 297 AH or 757 AD to 909 AD)

Abstract

The objective of this research paper is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the Kharijite authority's use of exile as a repressive strategy in the Maghreb between the second and third centuries AH (140 AH to 297 AH or 757 AD to 909 AD). Those who held opposing views and were deemed to be adversaries in matters of governance and politics were subject to exile, irrespective of their social standing or role within the social hierarchy. Additionally, it illuminates the factors that influenced the authorities to administer this penalty and the magnitude of its effects on the exiles. Furthermore, it explores the whereabouts of the exiles subsequent to their exile, which became a challenge due to the scarcity of sources specialising in the pursuit of their biographies. The research examines the extent to which this penalty contributed, in whatever manner, to redefining the social and political landscape of the populace, drawing from numerous cases, particularly those that impacted certain communities and diverse human groups. One of the most notable observations that emerged as a result was that the political factor ranked first on the list of reasons for exile, even in the absence of internal stability. The research concludes that during the examined time period, Tahert Al-Rustamiyah was among the cities where the greatest number of inhabitants, irrespective of social class, were compelled to endure exile and displacement