محاولات منغوليا الخارجية الانضمام الى هيئة الأمم المتحدة للمدة(1946-1961)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31185/eduj.Vol64.Iss1.5032الكلمات المفتاحية:
منغوليا الخارجية، الأمم المتحدة، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، الصينالملخص
يتناول هذا البحث دراسة تحليلية للمحاولات التي قامت بها منغوليا الخارجية للانضمام إلى هيئة الأمم المتحدة خلال المدة (1946-1961) وهي مرحلة حرجة من التوترات العالمية التي تزامنت مع بدايات الحرب الباردة، وتكمن أهمية هذا الموضوع في كونه يعكس التفاعلات الجيوسياسية بين القوى الكبرى، سيما الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية والاتحاد السوفيتي، ويبرز كيف كانت عضوية هيئة الأمم المتحدة إداه سياسية أكثر منها إدارية في تلك المرحلة
التنزيلات
المراجع
المصــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــادر
أولاً- الوثائق.
1- Official Records of the Security Council.
2- Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice , 1945.
3- United Nations Yearbook 1946–1947, Department of Public Information, United Nations.
4- United Nations Yearbook 1946, Department of Public Information, United Nations, New York, 1947.
5- United Nations Security Council, Official Records, 83rd Meeting, S/PV.83, 14 Jan 1947.
6- United Nations Yearbook 1952, Department of Public Information, UN, 1953.
7- UN Security Council, Official Records, 672nd Meeting, 1955.
8- Security Council official records, 16th year : 971st meeting, 25 October 1961, New York,1961.
9- UN General Assembly Official Records (A/RES/1631/XVI, 1961).
ثانياً- الرسائل والاطاريح الجامعية.
1- Xing Zhao, Displacement and Anachronism: Art Education and Exhibitions in Meta- Institutionalizing China 1912-1937, Doctor of Philosophy in Art Theory and Criticism, University of California, 2021.
ثالثاً- الكتب والكتب الوثائقية .
1- Alan J. K Sanders, Historical Dictionary of Mongolia, Scarecrow Press, 2010.
2- Anique H.M Van Ginneken, Historical Dictionary of the League of Nations, 2006.
3- Christopher P. Atwood, Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, Indiana University, Bloomington, New York, 2004.
4- Christopher Kaplonski, Truth, History and Politics in Mongolia: Memory of Heroes, Routledge, 2004.
5- David M. Malone, The UN Security Council: From the Cold War to the 21st Century, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2004.
6- Elliott Johnson , David Walker and Daniel Gray, Historical Dictionary of Marxism, Second Edition, London, 2014.
7- Fenby Jonathan, Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the China He Lost, Free Press, 2003.
8- F.P Walters, A History of the United Nations, Oxford University Press, 1952.
9- Gregor Benton, Chinese Migrants and Internationalism: Forgotten Histories 1917–1945,Routledge, 2007.
10- Geoffrey Roberts, Molotov: Stalin’s Cold Warrior, Cold War History, Vol. 1, No. 2 ,2001.
11- Jon Woronoff, Historical Dictionary of Asia Oceania and the Middle East, New York,2007.
12- John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War: A New History, Penguin Books, 2005.
13- Lloyd E .Eastman, The Abortive Revolution: China under Nationalist Rule, 1927–1937, Harvard University Press, 1974.
14- Maurice Meisner, Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic,1999.
15- Owen Lattimore, Mongols of Manchuria, Oxford University Press, 1955.
16- Owen David, The United Nations: International Organization and World Politics, Oxford University Press, 1955.
17- Paul M. Edwards ,The Korean War A Historical Dictionary ,New York, 2003.
18- Peter L Hahn, Caught in the Middle East: U.S. Policy Toward the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1945–1961,University of North Carolina Press, 2004.
19- Robert L. Worden and Andrea Matles Savada, Mongolia: A Country Study, New York, 1989.
20- Richard H. Immerman, John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War, Princeton University Press, 1992.
21- Stueck William , The Korean War: An International History, Princeton University Press,1995.
22- Simon Wickhamsmith ,Politics and Literature in Mongolia (1921-1948) , Amsterdam University Press ,New York,2020.
23- Vijay Prashad, The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World, New York, 2007.
24- V. M. Zubok, A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev, University of North Carolina Press,2007.
25- W. R. Laurence, The Admission of New Members to the United Nations, Columbia University Press,1962.
26- William Taubman, and Others, Nikita Khrushchev, Yale University Press , 2000.
رابعاً- البحوث والمقالات.
1- Alexander Buychik, Rethinking of History: Conflict of facts and hypotheses, European Scientific e-Journal ,Issue. 7, 2021.
2- Batbayar Tsedendamba, Mongolia’s Journey to join the United Nations in 1946-1961: Cold War Factors and Ideological Conflicts of the Great Powers, The Mongolian Journal of International Affair Vol.22, 2021.
3- Bunche Ralph, Admission of New Members to the United Nations, International, Organization, Vol. 3, No. 1 , 1949.
4- George Ginsburgs, The Admission of Mongolia to the United Nations, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 56, No. 2 ,1962.
5- Keith Allan Clarkll, Imagined Territory : The Republic of China’s 1955 Veto of Mongolian Membership in the United Nations, The Journal of American –East Asia Relations , Vol.25, No.3, 2018.
6- Terence O'Brien, The Legacy of Dag Hammarskjöld, United Nations Chronicle, Vol. 20, No. 4, 1983.
7- Yi Zhang, The Cold War and the UN Membership of the Mongolian People’s Republic, East Asia, Vol.32, No.2, 2015.
8- Ulambayar Denzenlkham, Mongolia’s Diplomatic Efforts to join the United Nations and the Changes in the Position of the Great Powers, The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.22, 2021.
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