التضحية بالبشر في الحضارات القديمة التضحية بالخدم والأتباع في مصر القديمة أنموذجا

فاضل كاظم حنون

doi:10.31185/eduj.Vol49.Iss2.3318

Authors

Fadhel k. Hanoon University of Wasit College of Education for Humanities

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31185/eduj.Vol49.Iss2.3318

Keywords:

ancient Egypt, human sacrifice, Abydos, Saqqara, burials

Abstract

Although some scholars have tried to deny the idea that human sacrifice was practiced in ancient Egypt, archaeological signs indicating two forms of human sacrifice in Egypt before dynasties and early dynasties have been identified and monitored: The first is that human beings are sacrificed in special rituals, in which sacrifice takes place. In person as part of religious rituals, and the second is what is called human sacrifice, in which servants, slaves, and servants of the king or princes and nobles are buried with their master, as these two forms of human sacrifice were proven in the archaeological record of early tombs as well as the organization and engineering of tombs for early royal and pre-dynastic families Which shows evidence of human sacrifice, especially scientific results through the analysis of the bodies that were found in the graves of people who were sacrificed. Through those axes came the research entitled (human sacrifice in ancient civilizations, sacrifice of servants in ancient Egypt as a model), in order to highlight Through him on that phenomenon.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

- Michael Rudolph (2008). Ritual Performances as Authenticating Practices. LIT Verlag Münster.

- B.G. Trigger, Early Civilizations: Ancient Egypt in Context (Cairo,1993).

- Parkinson, R.B. (2002). Poetry and Culture in Middle Kingdom Egypt: A Dark Side to Perfection. London: Continuum.

- Parkinson, R.B. (1997)., The Tale of Sinuhe and Other Ancient Egyptian Poems 1940–1640 B.C (Oxford, 1997)

- ايمان شمخي جابر , عقائد مابعد الموت في مصر القديمة خلال عهد الدولة الحديثة, مجلة دراسات تاريخية , ع13, 2012 .

- (https://www.archeonil.com

- C. Trigger(1969)., where sati was widespread, retainer sacrifice is unreported’,JNES 28.

- Wilkinson.T.A,(1999)., Early Dynastic Egypt.london and new York.

- R. Friedman et al.(1999), ‘Preliminary Report on Field Work at Hierakonpolis 1996-1998’, JARCE 36 .

- Jochem Kahl.,(2003).,Frühägyptisches Wörterbuch. Lieferung 2, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden .

- E. Crubezy, S. Duchesne, Béatrix Midant-Reynes, « The predynastic cemetery at Adaima (Upper Egypt). General presentation and implications for the populations of Predynastic Egypt », Egypt at its origins 2, Leuven (Belgique), B. Midant-Reynes, Y. Tristant, Peeters Publischer,‎ 2008.

- B. Midant-Reynes, E. Crubézy and T. Janin.,(1996), ‘The Predynastic site of Adaïma’, Egyptian Archaeology 9 .

- Midant-Reynes, in I. Shaw (ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (Oxford, 2000).

- C.A . Josep (2003), "Narmer, Menes and the seals from Abydos", Egyptology at the dawn of the twenty-first century: proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists, Cairo, 2000, 2, Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.

- G. Dreyer, (1991).,‘Zur Rekonstruktion der Oberbauten der Königsgräber der 1. Dynastie in Abydos’, MDAIK 47 .

- G.A. Reisner,(1936)., The Development of the Egyptian Tomb down to the Accession of Cheops (Cambridge, Mass., Oxford and London).

- A.M. el Batrawi,(1935).,Mission archéologique de Nubie 1929–1934. Report on the Human Remains.

-

- -Peter Clayton.,(1994).,Chronicle of the Pharaohs. Thames & Hudson Ltd,.

- Hoffman, Egypt Before the Pharaohs,.

- Jochem Kahl, Markus Bretschneider, Barbara Kneissler:(2002)., Frühägyptisches Wörterbuch. Band 1. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden .

- Günter Dreyer: Abydos Umm el-Qa'ab. In: Kathryn A. Bard, Steven Blake Shubert: Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt. S. 111–112. Archaic Egypt.

- Peter Clayton,(2006)., Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson Ltd,. Paperback.

- P. Montet,(1938)., ‘Tombeaux de la Ière et de la IVe dynasties à Abou-Roach’, Kêmi 7 (1938).

-